Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays 2011 PDF
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International Journal of Antennas and Propagation Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays 2011 Guest Editors: Hoi Shun Lui, Hon Tat Hui, and Marek Bialkowski Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays 2011 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays 2011 Guest Editors: Hoi Shun Lui, Hon Tat Hui, and Marek Bialkowski Copyright©2012HindawiPublishingCorporation.Allrightsreserved. Thisisaspecialissuepublishedin“InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation.”Allarticlesareopenaccessarticlesdistributed undertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,pro- videdtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. Editorial Board M.Ali,USA Shyh-KangJeng,Taiwan SadasivaM.Rao,USA CharlesBunting,USA MandeepJitSingh,Malaysia StefanoSelleri,Italy Dau-ChyrhChang,Taiwan AhmedA.Kishk,Canada KrishnasamyT.Selvan,Malaysia DebChatterjee,USA Ju-HongLee,Taiwan ZhongxiangQ.Shen,Singapore Z.Chen,Singapore ByungjeLee,RepublicofKorea Seong-YoupSuh,USA ChristosChristodoulou,USA L.Li,Singapore ParveenWahid,USA Shyh-JongChung,Taiwan YilongLu,Singapore YuanxunEthanWang,USA TayebA.Denidni,Canada AndreaMassa,Italy QuanXue,HongKong KaruP.Esselle,Australia DerekMcNamara,Canada TatSoonYeo,Singapore MiguelFerrando,Spain AnandaMohan,Australia WenhuaYu,USA WeiHong,China PavelNikitin,USA LeiZhu,Singapore HonTatHui,Singapore A.D.Panagopoulos,Greece TamerS.Ibrahim,USA MatteoPastorino,Italy Contents MutualCouplinginAntennaArrays2011,HoiShunLui,HonTatHui,andMarekBialkowski Volume2012,ArticleID715138,2pages SynthesisofAntennaArraysandParasiticAntennaArrayswithMutualCouplings,M.Thevenot, C.Menudier,A.ElSayedAhmad,G.ZakkaElNashef,F.Fezai,Y.Abdallah,E.Arnaud,F.Torres, andT.Monediere Volume2012,ArticleID309728,22pages MutualCouplingEffectsAnalysisinaCross-RhombicAntennaArray,JorgeSosa-Pedroza, LuisCarrio´n-Rivera,SergioPen˜a-Ruiz,andFabiolaMart´ınez-Zun˜iga Volume2012,ArticleID817105,6pages AMeasurementSystemforthePositionandPhaseErrorsoftheElementsinanAntennaArraySubjectto MutualCoupling,ToreLindgrenandJohanBorg Volume2012,ArticleID526121,8pages OptimalAntennaSelectionDesignsforCoupledMIMOSystems,PawandeepS.Talujaand BrianL.Hughes Volume2012,ArticleID694627,14pages ASubspace-BasedCompensationMethodfortheMutualCouplinginConcentricCircularRingArrays forNear-FieldSourceLocalisation,MohammedJainulAbedinandAnandaSanagavarapuMohan Volume2012,ArticleID712318,13pages AnEnvelopeCorrelationFormulafor(N,N)MIMOAntennaArraysUsingInputScatteringParameters, andIncludingPowerLosses,Y.A.S.Dama,R.A.Abd-Alhameed,S.M.R.Jones,D.Zhou,N.J.McEwan, M.B.Child,andP.S.Excell Volume2011,ArticleID421691,7pages TheNoisePerformanceofaMultiple-Input-PortandMultiple-Output-PortLow-NoiseAmplifier ConnectedtoanArrayofCoupledAntennas,Fre´de´ricBroyde´ andEvelyneClavelier Volume2011,ArticleID438478,12pages AnOptimalDesignofMultipleAntennaPositionsonMobileDevicesBasedonMutualCoupling Analysis,PeerapongUthansakul,DanaiAssanuk,andMonthippaUthansakul Volume2011,ArticleID791697,10pages EffectsofGroundConstituentParametersonArrayMutualCouplingforDOAEstimation,IrfanAhmed, WarrenF.Perger,andSeyedA.Zekavat Volume2011,ArticleID425913,5pages AnExternalCalibrationMethodforCompensatingfortheMutualCouplingEffectinLarge InterferometricApertureSynthesisRadiometers,JianDong,RonghuaShi,KeChen,QingxiaLi, andWentaiLei Volume2011,ArticleID937261,8pages Optimizationofa12.5GHzMicrostripAntennaArrayUsingTaguchi’sMethod,M.Spasos,R.Nilavalan, K.Tsiakmakis,N.Charalampidis,andS.W.Cheung Volume2011,ArticleID458569,9pages WidebandAnalysisofMutualCouplingCompensationMethods,SimonHenaultandYahiaM.M.Antar Volume2011,ArticleID756153,11pages ANovelDesignofMicrostripArraysforRelay-BasedWirelessNetwork,IoannisPetropoulos, KonstantinosVoudouris,RaedA.Abd-Alhameed,SteveM.R.Jones,andNikosAthanasopoulos Volume2011,ArticleID870183,10pages SpatialCorrelationforDoACharacterizationUsingVonMises,Cosine,andGaussianDistributions, WambertoJ.L.Queiroz,FranciscoMadeiro,WaslonTerllizzieA.Lopes,andMarceloS.Alencar Volume2011,ArticleID540275,12pages InvestigationintotheImpactofMutualCouplingonthePerformanceofaMultiuserMIMOSystem EmployingGeneralizedChannelInversionTechnique,FengWang,KonstantyBialkowski, andMarekE.Bialkowski Volume2011,ArticleID965251,9pages MutualCouplingEffectonUltrawidebandLinearAntennaArrayPerformance,OsamaAhmedand Abdel-RazikSebak Volume2011,ArticleID142581,11pages ACompactLow-PermittivityDual-LayerEBGStructureforMutualCouplingReduction,A.Azarbarand J.Ghalibafan Volume2011,ArticleID237454,6pages HindawiPublishingCorporation InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation Volume2012,ArticleID715138,2pages doi:10.1155/2012/715138 Editorial Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays 2011 HoiShunLui,1HonTatHui,2andMarekBialkowski3 1DepartmentofSignalsandSystems,ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,41296Gothenburg,Sweden 2DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,NationalUniversityofSingapore,4EngineeringDrive3,Singapore117576 3SchoolofInformationTechnologyandElectricalEngineering,UniversityofQueensland,StLucia,Brisbane,QLD4072,Australia CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoHoiShunLui,[email protected] Received16February2012;Accepted16February2012 Copyright©2012HoiShunLuietal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense, whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. Mutual coupling in antenna arrays is a topic of continuous and parasitic antenna arrays with mutual couplings” by M. interest to the researchers and application engineers in the Thevenot et al., the authors present a synthesis method field. Since the application of antenna arrays has been ex- for various types of moderate-size antenna arrays together tended to many areas in modern days, the study of the with their feeding networks with an aim to optimize the mutual coupling phenomenon has become a popular and array performance in the presence of mutual coupling important topic of research. We have seen many new effect.Thepaper“ACompactlow-permittivitydual-layerebg methods to analyse compensate for the mutual coupling structure for mutual coupling reduction” by A. Azarbar and effectinthelastfewyears.In2009,wehavecoordinatedthe J.Ghalibafanproposesaduallayerelectromagneticbandgap first special issue on “Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays”. (EBG)structure,whichhasalowerresonantfrequencythan We have received 16 submissions and 9 of them have been a single-layer one, to reduce the mutual coupling between recommended for publication. In this second special issue, an E-plane-coupled microstrip antenna array, resulting in wehavereceived29manuscripts,outofwhich17havebeen a significant 19dB mutual coupling reduction. The paper recommended for publication by dedicated reviewers. All “Mutual coupling effects analysis in a cross-rhombic antenna theacceptedpapersinbothspecialissueshavebeensubject array”byJ.Sosa-Pedrozaetal.presentsafull-wavesimula- to a strict peer-reviewing process. On one hand, we greatly tion analysis of the mutual coupling effect in a conformal acknowledge the reviewers for their professional reviews of arrayconsistedofcross-rhombicantennas.Resultshavebeen themanuscripts,while,ontheotherhand,wearepleasedto obtainedontheradiationpatternsandtheS11parametersof seethatamuchlargerattentionhasbeenpaidbytheauthors the array. The paper “A novel design of microstrip arrays for to this second special issue. The 17 accepted manuscripts relay-basedwirelessnetwork”byI.Petropoulosetal.reports can be grouped into five categories: the implication of a design of relay-station antenna arrays based on reducing mutual coupling problem in antenna array design, mutual the mutual coupling between the access link array and the couplinginMIMOsystemantennaarrays,mutualcoupling backhaullinkarray,achievingacouplingtypicallylessthan indirectionfindingproblems,mutualcouplinginwideband −40dB. In the last paper of this category, “Optimization of antenna arrays, and calibration methods for the mutual a12.5GHzmicrostripantennaarrayusingTaguchi’smethod” coupling effect. A quick reference to these papers is given by M. Spasos, et al., the authors present an optimization belowtointroducethemtotheinterestedreaders. designofasimpleplanar5×5microstripantennaarraywith In the first category, the paper “An optimal design of interconnected elements to achieve a good input matching multipleantennapositionsonmobiledevicesbasedonmutual (with S11 < −10dB) without using any matching network. couplinganalysis”byP.Uthansakuletal.introducesamethod TheyusedtheTaguchi’soptimizationmethodinthedesign of using the genetic algorithm (GA) to find the optimal which shows low interelement mutual coupling as well as antenna positions on a mobile device in order to achieve goodself-impedancematching. an optimum operation under the influence of the mutual In the second category, the paper “Investigation into the coupling effect. In the paper, “Synthesis of antenna arrays impactofmutualcouplingontheperformanceofamultiuser 2 InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation mimo system employing generalized channel inversion tech- main limitations and the required procedures to estimate nique” by F. Wang et al. reports an investigation into the the coupling matrix are outlined. This paper found that performanceofamultiuserMIMOsystememployinggener- only the full-wave method is accurate at all frequencies. In alizedchannelinversionscheme.Theinvestigationspecially the second paper “Mutual coupling effect on ultrawideband considers the effects of spatial correlation and antenna antenna array performance” by O. Ahmed and A. R. Sebak, mutual coupling which are significant in compact array the mutual coupling effect between array elements of two- antennas. In the paper “An envelope correlation formula andfour-elementultrawideband(UWB)lineararraysonthe for (N,N) MIMO antenna arrays using input scattering performancesofthesearraysisinvestigated.Thisstudyfound parameters, and including power losses” by Y. A. S. Dama et that an array bandwidth improvement is achieved for both al., the authors present a method to derive a closed-form array types when mutual coupling is strong enough. It also expression for the correlation coefficient in terms of the found that mutual coupling enhances the array realizable scattering parameters of an antenna array. This expression gain, especially in the mid-frequency band (5–8.5GHz) takes into account the antenna mutual coupling as well as whileitdeterioratesthegainoutsidethisfrequencyrange. possible antenna losses into account. The paper “Optimal Inthelastcategory,thefirstpaper“Ameasurementsystem antenna selection designs for coupled MIMO systems” by P. forthepositionandphaseerrorsoftheelementsinanantenna S. Taluja and B. L. Hughes reports that the presence of arraysubjecttomutualcoupling”byT.LindgrenandJ.Borg inactiveantennasinacoupledMIMOsystemcanprofoundly discusses a method of estimating the position and phase of alterthesystemperformancewhentheantennasarestrongly eachindividualantennaelementinanarrayinthepresence coupled. A new antenna selection technique that seeks to of mutual coupling. The method uses both the measured exploitmutualcouplingtoimprovethesystemperformance scattering matrix and the measured electric field with four isproposed.Inthelastpaperinthiscategory,“Thenoiseper- probes located in the near-field of the array. The second formance of a multiple-input-port and multiple-output-port paper “An external calibration method for compensating for low-noiseamplifierconnectedtoanarrayofcoupledantennas” the mutual coupling effect in large interferometric aperture byF.Broyde´andE.Clavelier,theauthorsinvestigatedanoise synthesis radiometers” by J. Dong deals with the antenna characterizationmethodforlow-noiseamplifiersconnected mutualcouplingeffectininterferometricaperturesynthesis to a mutually coupled antenna arrays. The noise figures of radiometers(IASRs)whichdegradestheradiometricsystem thelow-noiseamplifiersweredefinedanddetermined. performance. First, the conventional mutual impedance In the third category, the paper “Spatial correlation for method is adopted to analyze the mutual coupling effect in doa characterization using von mises, cosine, and gaussian the performance of IASR and a practical model of the distributions”byW.J.L.Queirozetal.presentsmathematical coupled visibilities is developed. Based on the model, an expressions for the spatial correlation between elements of external calibration method is proposed to compensate for linearandcircularantennaarrays,consideringcosine,Gaus- themutualcouplingeffect. sian,andVonMisesdistributionsforthedirection-of-arrival Thepapersinthissecondspecialissuecamefromvarious (DoA)oftheelectromagneticwavesatthereceiverantenna. types of studies. These papers reported the handling of the The expressions obtained for the Von Mises distribution mutualcoupling problemin antenna arraysforvarious ap- can include or exclude the mutual coupling effect and are plications. Through the collection of these papers, we hope simplerthanthoseobtainedforthecosineandtheGaussian tobringoutthestate-of-the-artresearchonmutualcoupling distributions of the angle of arrival. In the paper “Effects of inantennaarrayssuchthatmoreideasandresearchonthis ground constituent parameters on array mutual coupling for topiccanbeencouragedtocomeoutinthefuture. DOA estimation” by I. Ahmed et al., the authors suggested HoiShunLui the use of an imperfect ground plane to reduce the mutual coupling effect of a monopole antenna array mounted HonTatHui MarekBialkowski over the imperfect ground plane. A factor of 4 in the decreaseinboththerealandimaginarypartsofthemutual coupling effect is reported. In the paper “A Subspace-based compensation method for the mutual coupling in concentric circular ring arrays for near-field source localisation” by M. J. Abedin and A. S. Mohan, the authors proposed a technique for compensating the effect of mutual coupling onparameterestimationthatissuitablewithanysubspace- based superresolution algorithms. The method has been demonstratedonaconcentriccircular-ringarrayformedby thin-dipole antennas in the receiving mode for near-field sourcelocalization. In the fourth category, there are two papers. The first paper “Wideband analysis of mutual coupling compensation methods” by S. Henault and Y. M. M. Antar compares the performance of various mutual coupling estimation and compensation methods for wideband antenna arrays. The HindawiPublishingCorporation InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation Volume2012,ArticleID309728,22pages doi:10.1155/2012/309728 Research Article Synthesis of Antenna Arrays and Parasitic Antenna Arrays with Mutual Couplings M.Thevenot,C.Menudier,A.ElSayedAhmad,G.ZakkaElNashef,F.Fezai,Y.Abdallah, E.Arnaud,F.Torres,andT.Monediere XLIM,OSA,UMRCNRS6172,UniversityofLimoges,123AvenueAlbertThomas,87060LimogesCedex,France CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoC.Menudier,[email protected] Received1June2011;Revised17October2011;Accepted31October2011 AcademicEditor:HoiShunLui Copyright©2012M.Thevenotetal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense, whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. Asynthesismethodtodesignmultielementantennaswithcouplingsispresented.Themainobjectiveistoperformarigorous determinationoftheelectromagneticcharacteristicsinvolvedinthedesign,especiallywitharraysofmoderatesizes.Theaimis toconceivejointlyandefficientlytheantennaandthecircuitstoconnect(feeddistributionnetwork,poweramplifiers,reactive loads,etc.).Thesubsequentobjectiveistoimprovetheunderstandingandcapabilitiesofstronglycoupledantennas.Asawhole, thesynthesisprocedureisthenappliedtodifferentantennaarchitecturesinordertoshowitsefficiencyandversatility.Afocus onsomeantennaconceptswherethemanagementofcouplingsisakeyfactortoimprovetheperformancesispresented.After describingthesynthesisprocedure,thefirstcategoryofcoupledmultielementantennastudiedconcernsradiatingarraysinlinear orcircularpolarization.Adesignincludingcouplingseffectsonanactivearrayisalsopresented.Then,themethodisappliedto parasiticantennaarraysandaspecificinvestigationonreflectarrayantennaisperformedastheycanbeconsideredasaparticular caseofparasiticarrays. 1.Introduction telecommunications infrastructure for both end-users and operators. 1.1. Context. Multielement antennas are widely used for Whateverthemultielementantennasize,oneofthemain yearsinwirelesscommunicationsbecauseoftheirpotential- difficultiestotackleconsistsinreachingthehighestefficiency itiesintermsofhighgainbeamscanningandcomplexbeam for the design and avoiding some phenomena like scan shaping. Most of applications of radiating arrays concerns blindness,especiallywhilecouplingsarestronglyimpacting verylargepanel(morethan20wavelengthside)withseveral theperformances.Furthermore,theelectromagneticperfor- hundreds or thousands of elements because they are often manceoptimizationisacriticalpointtoreducetheantenna dedicated to specific applications in the field of space or cost,especiallyinthecaseofconsumerapplications. military missions. The high number of elements allows a Therefore, accurate modeling methods are representing high beam scan resolution for radar [1] or a well define akeyfactorforasuccessfuldesign.Nevertheless,theelectro- contour to optimize (equivalent isotropic radiated power) magneticsizeofthemultielementantenna(intermsofwave- EIRPforbeamshaping[2]. lengths)andtheaccuracyrequiredtosatisfactorilyrepresent Nevertheless, needs for moderate-size multielement an- small geometric details lead to large calculation volume, tennasaregrowingbecauseofthefastevolutionofconsumer andthus,toprohibitiveexecutiontime.Thatiswhyseveral telecommunication market. To obtain high data rate, an modelingmethodshavebeendeveloped. antenna gain increase is required. Moreover, as the devices including radiating elements must face a constant ser- viceevolution, multielement antennas with reconfiguration 1.2.SummaryofModelingMethods. Severalapproacheshave capabilities and moderate gain (between 10–20dB for a beeninvestigatedforradiatingarrays,andespeciallyforlarge directive pattern) would be of great interest to perpetuate arrays. The easiest way to determine the radiation pattern
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