Muslims in Putin's Russia: Discourse on Identity, Politics, and Security PDF
Preview Muslims in Putin's Russia: Discourse on Identity, Politics, and Security
’ Muslims in Putin s Russia SimonaE.Merati ’ Muslims in Putin s Russia Discourse on Identity, Politics, and Security SimonaE.Merati StevenJ.GreenSchoolofInternationalandPublicAffairs FloridaInternationalUniversity Miami,Florida,USA ISBN978-3-319-53519-7 ISBN978-3-319-53520-3(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-53520-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017937157 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformation in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespectto thematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.The publisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitu- tionalaffiliations. Coverimage©NikolayVinokurov/AlamyStockPhoto Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland A CKNOWLEDGMENTS Thisbookistheresultofseveralyearsofresearch,duringwhichIhavehad numerous opportunitiesto present it to diverse audiences,both at public eventsandinprivateconversations.Itisimpossibleheretomentioneach instance or person, and I take this opportunity to thank all those who offered me their comments, suggestions, and criticism for helping me shape the final outcome. My special gratitude goes to Mohiaddin Mesbahi at Florida International University (FIU) in Miami, my mentor sincegraduateschool,whohasencouragedmetopursuethisprojectand helped me define its trajectory. His intellectual brilliance, scholarly rigor, and insightful feedback have energized and sharpened my work. I am grateful to Thomas Breslin, also at FIU, for entertaining with me an enduring, most enlightening conversation about the dynamics of history in Eurasia. In Munich, I would like to thank Karsten Fischer in the Geschwister Scholl Institute of Political Science at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) and the participants to his Research Seminar in Political Theory for their insightful comments on an earlier version of what is now Chapter 4. I am also thankful for the engaging discussions I had with the scholars in the Islamic Peace Ethics Workshop at the Institute for Theology and Peace (ithf) in Hamburg. In particular, I would like to thank Sybille Reinke de Buitrago, Oliver Leaman, Bianka Speidl, Turan Kayaoglu, Seyed Hassan Eslami, Abdessamad Belhaj, Mohammad Mahdi Mojahedi, Dirk Ansorge, and Robert Gleaves for sharing with me their deep knowledge of Islam, theology, and philosophy, and for their com- mentson mywork. v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Kathy Rowland who, during long conversations over the years, as a cultural critic helped me decipher thedeepinteractionsofculture,art,andreligioninmodern,multiconfes- sionalsocieties.Equallygracefully,ErikaCornoactedasmySlavistsound- ing board. I am also indebted to Elizabeth Bieler for reading and commentingonseveraldraftchaptersandtoCatherineSanderforletting mebenefit of hersharp editingskills. I am very grateful to Anca Pusca, Anne Schult, and Sundar Ananthapadmanabhan at Palgrave for guiding me through the whole publishing process with enthusiasm, great professionalism, and grace. I would also like to thank my anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback on both the general project and the single chapters. Finally,Iamluckytohavehadthesteadyencouragementofmyfamily andfriends:MariaLuisaandAttilioMerati,HeddaandAlbertoRebecchi, Geeta Lalwani, Marina Bellino, Sara Bensi, and Cristiana Gatto. But, I could have never accomplished this endeavor without the loving support ofmyhusbandNinoandmydaughterAnna,whosepatienceIhavetested to thelimit. This bookisdedicated tothem. Note:TransliterationsfromCyrillicfollowtheModifiedLibraryofCongress system.Ifnototherwisestated,alltranslationsaremine. C ONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 A Noteon Sourcesand Method 4 Muslims inRussia,Muslims ofRussia 7 The Empire, theChurch,and Islam 8 Russian Orientalism 10 Muslims ofRussiaand ImperialForeign Policy 12 Soviet Orientalism 13 Muslims inPost-Soviet Russia 14 Narratives ofNational Security andGeopolitics 16 Muslims ofRussiaViews ofIslam 18 2 TheIdentity of Muslimsof Russia 21 Geography of Identity 22 Identity and the ReligiousRenaissance 23 Berdyaevand the RussianIdea asIdentity Foundation 25 Religious Componentsin Contemporary Conceptualizations of Russia’s Identity 30 Neo-Eurasianism 32 Muslims ofRussiaand Nationalism 37 3 Muslimsof RussiaCommunities 45 The SpecialCharacter ofIslam in theCaucasus 48 Muslims inan OrthodoxWorld 55 vii viii CONTENTS CriticalVoices 61 The RusskieMusul’mane Movement 63 4 Russia’s IslamicReligiousInstitutions andthe State 69 The RussianOrthodox Church 70 IslamicOrganizations 72 InterfaithDialogue: InstitutionalRelations 77 The RussianSecular State: ContemporaryInterpretation of Catherine’s Model 81 The Functional InterpretationofReligion and ItsApplication in Russia 86 The Necessityof aGovernance ofReligion inRussia 88 Conclusion 93 5 Islamand SecurityinRussia 99 Islam and Securityin Russia:Conventional Interpretations 101 Primakov’s FundamentalDifferentiationof Islamin Russia 106 Wahhabismand Russia’sContemporary Discourse onIslam 111 The (partial)De-securitizationof Russia’s“TraditionalIslam” 113 IslamicEducation and Russia’sSecurity 117 Religious Authoritiesand SecurityThreats 122 Islam as aCounter-Ideology toTerrorism 124 Conclusion 126 6 Islam,Terrorism, andRevolutionin Russia 127 Conceptual RootsofRussia’sVision ofTerrorism 131 State Policies andIslamic Terrorism 136 Russian Visions ofPolitical Islam 140 Political Islam, Revolution,andthe GeopoliticalOrder 144 The Fearofany Revolution 152 “All good patriots”: ElectiveAffinities ofUltra-nationalist and IslamicGroups 156 Conclusion 160 7 TheRole of Islamin Russia’sGeopoliticalVision 163 Islam and RussianConceptualizations of Geopolitics 166 Russia,Islam, and InternationalSecurity 171 IslamicTerrorism and CivilizationalDialog 177 CONTENTS ix Russia,Iran, and the(unexpected) Waysofthe “IslamicFactor” 181 Muslims ofRussiaas Envoysofthe State: TheCaseof Crimea 185 Conclusion 193 8 Conclusion 197 Suggestions for FurtherResearch 201 When Islam isNot aFactor 203 FinalConsiderations 203 References 207 Index 231 L A A A IST OF BBREVIATIONS ND CRONYMS ATTSSNG Antiterroristicheskii Tsentr gosudarstv-uchastnikov Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv (Counterterrorism Center of the CommonwealthofIndependentStates) CCSBMNC Coordinating Center of Spiritual Boards of Muslims of North Caucasus CIS CommonwealthofIndependentStates DUMC SpiritualAdministrationoftheMuslimsofUkraine MID MinisterstvoInostrannykhDelRossiiskoiFederatsii(TheMinistry ofForeignAffairsoftheRussianFederation) RMC RussiaMufties(Muftis)Council ROC RussianOrthodoxChurch PCIR PresidentialCouncilforInterethnicRelations TSDUM CentralSpiritualDirectorateoftheMuslimsofRussia SAMEUS Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the European Part of USSRandSiberia WRPC WorldRussianPopularCouncil xi
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