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Muslim Palestine : Ideology of Hamas PDF

154 Pages·1999·1.329 MB·English
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Muslim Palestine Muslim Palestine The Ideology of Hamās Andrea Nüsse Copyright © 1998 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of The Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Transferred to Digital Printing 2003 by RoutledgeCurzon, 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Nusse, Andrea Muslim Palestine: the ideology of Hamas 1. Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyah 2. Ideology—Palestine— Religious aspects—Islam 3. Islamic fundamentalism 4. Jewish-Arab relations 5. Palestine—Politics and government— 1948– I. Title 297.8(cid:0) 095694 ISBN 0-203-01335-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 90-5702-334-2 (Print Edition) (Softcover) Contents Glossary vii Introduction 1 ONE The Context 8 Development of Islamic Thought in the 20th Century 8 Features of the Socio-Economic Development in the 12 Occupied Territories and the Intifā a PART ONE: THE BASIC THEMES IN THE THOUGHT OF AMĀS TWO The Problem: Israel, Zionism and the Jews 21 THREE The Goal: An Islamic Palestinian State 35 FOUR Sense of Urgency: Mass-Immigration of Soviet Jews 41 FIVE Hostility and Isolation 43 The International Community 43 The Arab-Muslim Countries 47 The Traditional Palestinian Leadership 48 SIX Means 50 Palestine: Jihād in Form of the Intifā a 50 The Arab-Muslim World: Islamisation and 55 Democratisation SEVEN Self-Image of Islam 62 EIGHT Inner Enemy: The Palestinian Liberation 68 Organisation NINE Equality? The Christian Minority 75 TEN Ambiguity: Attitude towards the West 78 v PART TWO: APPLICATION OF GENERAL WORLD VIEW TO SPECIFIC POLITICAL EVENTS ELEVEN The Gulf War 1990/91 82 TWELVE amās and the Peace Process 93 The Aftermath of the Gulf War 93 The Beginning of the Peace Conference in Madrid, 30 96 October 1991 THIRTEEN The Mass Deportation of Islamists to South-Lebanon 1 06 in December 1992 FOURTEEN The Surprise: The Declaration of Principles in 1 09 September 1993 FIFTEEN The Massacre of Hebron, February 1994 1 18 SIXTEEN Relation between amās and the Palestinian 1 22 National Authority (PNA) First Palestinian Elections, January 1996 1 22 Wave of amās Suicide Operations in February/March 1 24 1996 Death of Prisoner in Palestinian Prison and Clashes 1 26 between Palestinian Police and Population, July/August 1996 SEVENTEEN Outlook 1 30 EIGHTEEN Conclusion 1 33 Bibliography 1 38 Index 1 43 Le diable parait bien pâle auprès de celui qui dispose d'une vérité, de sa vérité. Cioran Glossary Ahl al-kitāb: ªThe people of the Bookº. Muhammad referred to Jews and the Christians as such, distinguishing them from heathens, on account of their possessing divine books of revelation. Although they transmitted this revelation in a false way, the acceptance of the books was seen to give them a privileged position above followers of other religions. After their submission, they were granted free worship against payment of a poll-tax. An agreement ensured them the protection of the Muslim authorities. Violence of this defence alliance is considered a perfidy. Bātil: Futile, vain, unreal, ungodly as opposed to the real ( aqq) as designed by God. Bayān(āt): Declaration, statement. Here, the handouts of amās which are written and distributed in the Territories. They contain information about the movement's position, as well as about strike days and demonstrations. Fiqh: Jurisprudence in Islam. All aspects of public and private life should be regulated by laws recognised by religion; the science of these laws is fiqh. adīth: Tradition. Particularly, a record of actions or sayings of the Prophet and his companions which were originally transmitted through oral instruction. amās: Acronym of Islamic Resistance Movement ( arakat al muqāwama al- Islāmiyya) also meaning ªzealº, ªardourº in Arabic. The movement was formed as one ªwingº within the Muslim Brotherhood after the outbreak of the Palestinian uprising in December 1987. It was designed as a vehicle to mobilize support and to compete with the threat posed by fringe Islamic groups like the Islamic Jihād, as well as by the nationalist groups engaged in resistance to the Israeli occupation. amās rapidly developed into a full- fledged political movement, overshadowing its parent organisation and participating in the armed struggle through its own underground wing, the Al- Qassam Brigades. It also succeeded in developing a well organized and effective network of social services which extended from universities, to health centers and youth clubs. Combined with politicial pragmatism and flexibility, this Islamist movement soon became the main rival to the PLO competing for Palestinian leadership. anīf: Used for those who possess the true and real religion, especially Abraham. aqq: One of the names of God in Islam. Means the real, godly. Islamic Jihād: (al-Jihād al-Islāmī) The second most influential Islamist movement (behind amās) in Palestine. Amid discontent with the viii reformational methods of the Muslim Brotherhood, political cells were created as early as 1979 in the Occupied Territories and especially in Gaza, the movement's stronghold. As an underground organisation, the movement has no open popular following, its membership remains selected and elitist. The Islamic Jihād was the first contemporary Islamist movement in Palestine which took up armed action against Israel and thus played a direct role in triggering off the Intifā a in 1987. Since the foundation of amās in late 1987 or 1988, the movement's political influence declined considerably. The organisation rejects the Peace Accords on religious grounds and continues armed operations against Israel, but never developed a broader political outlook. Intifā a: The Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation that started in December 1987 and formally ended with the Peace Accords between Israel and the Palestinians in September 1993. Jāhiliyya: Ignorance. Meaning the pagan times which reigned on the Arabian peninsula before the arrival of Muhammad. The theoretician of the Muslim Brotherhood, Sayyid Qutb, reinterpreted it as a situation which occurs at any time when God's programme and laws are neglected by society and rulers. Thus, most contemporary Muslim societies were considered by him to live in a state of jāhiliyya. Jihād: Effort, striving. Generally known as holy war to spread Islam on earth. However, in many fundamentalist interpretations it means the personal striving to be a good Muslim, to raise children in an Islamic way. Kāfir (ūn): Infidel(s). First applied to the Meccans who endeavoured to refute and revile the Prophet. The unbelievers were threatened with punishment and hell. Kufr: Unbelief. Mīthāq: Covenant, agreement, treaty, charter. Here, the convenant of amās, first circulated in August 1988, which laid down the main ideological and the- oretical outlook of the movement. Mujāhid(ūn) (Mujaheddin): Fighter participating in Jihād. Muslim Brotherhood: The parent organisation of all Sunni fundamentalist movements in Palestine. Founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna, it poli ticised Islam by calling for the creation of an Islamic state and soon set up branches in various Arab countries. The Palestinian branch followed a reformational approach aiming at a reform of Palestinian society from within, insisting on Islamic education and social work. It fought the secularism of the PLO, but not the Israeli occupation. It did not react to the growing popular discontent and impatience with Israeli occupation which culminated in the creation of Islamic Jihād in 1979 by dissident Brotherhood members. Only with the outbreak of the Intifā a in December 1987 did the Muslim Brotherhood recognise the growing gap between its quietistic, apolitical approach and the longing of the Palestinian people for more combative and militant action; as a consequence amās was founded. Qur'ān: The sacred book of the Muslims, containing the collected revelations of the Prophet Muhammad in definitive written form. Tafsīr: Commentaries of the Qur'ān: and the science of interpreting the sacred book. ix Umma: The Qur'anic word for community, people. Here, generally meaning the Muslim people that are the objects of the divine plan of salvation.

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