Music : the definitive visual history

480 Pages·2013·144.08 MB·english

by  Grant

MUSIC
T H E D E F I N I T I V E V I S U A L H I S T O RY

Ms m Ui t h sSo n Ii aCn
T H E D E F I N I T I V E V I S U A L H I S T O R Y
CONTENTS
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,
Sacred Chant 30
MUNICH, AND DELHI
Chants, modes, and early notation develop in
Europe’s cathedrals and monasteries.
DORLING KINDERSLEY LONDON
Project Editors Project Art Editor Minstrels and Troubadours 32
David Summers, Ruth O’Rourke-Jones Anna Hall Street entertainers and courtly musicians sing
US Editors Jacket Design songs of unrequited love and political satire.
Jill Hamilton, Margaret Parrish, Development Manager
Rebecca Warren Sophia MTT ■ MEDIEVAL INSTRUMENTS 34
EARLY BEGINNINGS
Editorial Assistant Jacket Designer
Kaiya Shang Laura Brim 60,000 BCE – 500 CE 10 Writing Melody 36
Jacket Editor Producer To help monks remember chant melodies,
Manisha Majithia Linda Dare Introduction and Timeline 12 Guido of Arezzo invents the four-line stave.
Pre-Production Producer Managing Art Editor
Man, the Music Maker 14 Zither and Lyre, Sackbut and Shawm 38
Adam Stoneham Michelle Baxter
With primitive instruments, early humans pass In medieval society, music accompanies
Managing Editor Art Director
on history and legends through music. dancing, banquets, and mystery plays.
Angeles Gavira Philip Ormerod
Publisher Publishing Director
Music’s Cradle 16 Islamic Music 40
Sarah Larter Jonathan Metcalf
Musicians entertain courts and honor gods in Diverse musical traditions develop across
Associate Publishing Director Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. China, Africa, Spain, and the Middle East.
Liz Wheeler
A Philosophical View 18 ■ ISLAMIC INSTRUMENTS 42
DORLING KINDERSLEY DELHI For Greek philosophers, music and math hold
Editors Art Editors the key to understanding the universe. Music in Ancient China 44
Megha Gupta, Suefa Lee Parul Gambhir, Konica Juneja, Kanika Mittal, From military exercises and state functions to
Senior Editor Divya P.R., Shreya Anand Virmani Myth and Tragedy 20 temples and teahouses, music plays a key role.
Tragic choruses sing and musicians play at
Vineetha Mokkil Senior Art Editor
Ancient Greek music and drama competitions. Many Voices 46
Managing Editor Anuj Sharma
Accurate musical notation paves the way for
Rohan Sinha Deputy Managing Art Editor ■ ANCIENT INSTRUMENTS 22 richly layered, complex music for many parts.
Production Manager Sudakshina Basu
Pankaj Sharma DTP Designers
Sound the Trumpet 24
DTP Manager Nand Kishor Acharya, Neeraj Bhatia,
Music rallies the Roman troops, enlivens
Balwant Singh Nityanand Kumar, Bimlesh Tiwari,
dinners and plays, and is played at ceremonies.
Mohammed Usman
TOUCAN BOOKS LTD SMITHSONIAN ENTERPRISES
Managing Editor Senior Art Editor Senior Vice Licensing Manager
Ellen Dupont Thomas Keenes President Ellen Nanney
Senior Editor Picture Research Carol LeBlanc Project
Dorothy Stannard Sarah Smithies, Director of Development RENAISSANCE AND
Assistant Editor Roland Smithies (Luped) Licensing Manager
Sophie Lewisohn, Indexer Brigid Ferraro Kealy Wilson REFORMATION
David Hatt Marie Lorimer
MUSIC IN THE 1400 – 1600 48
New Photography
MIDDLE AGES Introduction and Timeline 50
Gary Ombler, Richard Leeney
First American Edition, 2013 500 – 1400 26 Songs of Love 52
Published in the United States by The new polyphonic style influences regional
DK Publishing, 4th Floor, 345 Hudson Street, New York 10014 Introduction and Timeline 28 song traditions in France, Germany, and Italy.
13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Music Goes to Print 54 The Birth of Opera 80 ■ WOLFGANG AMADEUS 138
New printing techniques make sheet music Intellectuals and musicians in Florence merge MOZART
widely available, encouraging amateur players. stories from mythology and history with
music, laying the foundations for opera. The Concerto 140
The Rise of Instrumental Music 56 The pairing of soloist and orchestra develop
Printing leads to a demand for new pieces, and Oratorios and Cantatas 82 into a popular and enduring format.
more complex compositions emerge. New song styles emerge in Italy—oratorios,
Biblical stories spun into sung dramas, and ■ THE PIANO 142
Church Reform 58 dramatic secular songs called cantatas.
THE CLASSICAL AGE
Congregations begin to sing in their own language, ■ LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN 144
rather than silently listening to mass in Latin. Patrons and Composers 84
1750 – 1820 114
Europe’s monarchs and aristocratic families Bohemian Rhapsody 146
■ GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI DA 60 support the arts on a lavish scale. Introduction and Timeline 116 In the 18th and 19th centuries, Prague
PALESTRINA becomes a hub of musical activity.
■ THE VIOLIN 86 A New Clarity 118
The Lute’s Golden Age 62 Composers begin to favor clear and balanced
In the 16th century, the lute becomes popular ■ ANTONIO STRADIVARI 88 phrases over baroque complexity.
for solos and for accompanying singers.
■ STRING INSTRUMENTS 90 The Orchestra 120
■ THE LUTE 64 The Duke of Mannheim has ambitions to
■ ANTONIO VIVALDI 92 found the greatest orchestra in Europe. It is
The Madrigal 66 famed for its technique and special effects.
Italian sonnets of love and loss are taken up by The English Revival 94
composers, who set the emotions to music. Music, suppressed under Oliver Cromwell, The Sonata 122
revives under King Charles II, and choirs The new music-loving middle-class enjoys
NATIONALISM AND
■ CONSORT INSTRUMENTS 68 and opera flourish. elegant works for soloist and keyboard.
ROMANCE
An Iberian Flowering 70 ■ HENRY PURCELL 96 ■ ORCHESTRAL WOODWIND 124
Sacred music flourishes in Spain and its colonies 1820 – 1910 148
as diverse influences come together. ■ THE ORGAN 98 The Symphony 126
The innovations of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Introduction and Timeline 150
Venetian Glories 72 Counterpoint and Fugue 100 and Schubert transform the symphony.
New styles emerge as composers rush to supply Composers combine strands of music into a Beethoven’s Later Works 152
music for Venice’s many civic occasions. complex, harmonious whole. ■ JOSEPH HAYDN 128 Beethoven writes works of restless passion.
■ JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH 102 Playing Music Among Friends 130 Age of Song 154
Chamber music is a treasured pastime in Composers set poems to music, enhancing the
Sonatas, Suites, and Overtures 104 Austrian homes and spreads across Europe. lyrics with evocative harmonies and rhythms.
Instrumental music grows in popularity, and
new forms develop for small ensembles. Age of Reason 132 ■ FRANZ SCHUBERT 156
Enlightened principles of logic, structure, and
■ KEYBOARD INSTRUMENTS 106 clarity inspire a new style of composition. Literary Links 158
Myth, legend, and literature inspire Romantic
Keyboard Maestros 108 Opera Comes Alive 134 operas, songs, and program music.
As keyboard instruments evolve, composers Composers attempt to humanize opera,
THE BAROQUE SPIRIT
write more technically demanding pieces. leaving old formalities behind and focusing on Expressive Piano 160
the drama of individual characters’ emotions. In Europe’s salons, expressive and technically
1600 – 1750 74 ■ GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL 110 brilliant miniatures for piano are in vogue.
Introduction and Timeline 76 Choral Music 136
Japanese Theater 112 Choirs begin to sing in concert halls as well as The Virtuosos 162
The Baroque Style 78 Instrumentalists and choirs accompany the in church services. Composers discover the Paganini on violin and Liszt on piano dazzle
An exuberant, expressive new style emerges. actors or puppets in stage performances. dramatic potential of sacred texts. audiences with their technique and style.
Sacred Choruses 164 Italian Opera Gets Real 196 ■ SERGEY PROKOFIEV 224 Golden Age of Radio 260
Large-scale choral works bring Romantic A “young school” of Italian opera composers Radio shows brought music to homes
drama and intensity into sacred venues. write realistic plots of hardship and passion. Ragtime 226 across the United States, making stars
African Americans introduce syncopation and of musicians.
Romantic Opera 166 Chinese Traditional Opera 198 new rhythms to European dance tunes.
19th-century Italian and German composers Performers retell stories from myth and legend
develop a highly expressive, dramatic style. through singing, acting, and martial arts. Country’s Roots 228
Through recordings, the Grand Ole Opry radio
Women Composers and Performers 168 Marching to the Beat 200 show, and Westerns, country music takes off.
As social conventions shift, women begin to Military bands accompany marches and
perform in public and publish their works. parades, and also sell out concert halls. Tin Pan Alley 230
Songwriters flock to New York, where they
Music in the Home 170 ■ BRASS INSTRUMENTS 202 churn out popular songs by the hundreds.
In well-to-do drawing rooms, families play
chamber music and sing “parlor songs.” Impressionism 204 ■ GEORGE GERSHWIN 232
GLOBAL MUSIC
As in visual art, musical compositions begin to
■ JOHANNES BRAHMS 172 evoke and suggest, using new harmonies. Beginnings of Jazz 234
1945 – PRESENT 262
Jazz is born in New Orleans from African
The Viennese Waltz 174 rhythms, brass bands, and popular dance music. Introduction and Timeline 264
An elegant dance that emerges in Austria’s
ballrooms, the waltz takes Europe by storm. ■ BILLIE HOLIDAY 236 Experimental Music 266
In a shaken, postwar world, Stockhausen,
National Stirrings 176 ■ THE CLARINET 238 Boulez, and Cage seek a new framework.
Composers seek inspiration and authenticity
in their native landscapes and folk songs. Birth of the Blues 240 Modern Chanson 268
In the juke joints of the Deep South, laborers A unique song tradition emerges in 20th-
Flamenco 178 listen to songs of raw, personal experience. century Paris, championed by Charles Trenet
Spain’s passionate music for voice, guitar, and and Edith Piaf.
MUSIC IN THE
dancer develop out of Romany culture. Let’s Swing 242
MODERN AGE A new, danceable form of big-band jazz The German Revival 270
Russia’s Big Five 180 becomes wildly popular in the 1930s and ’40s. In the aftermath of war, composers turn in
Balakirev, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov, Cui, and 1910 – 1945 206 new directions to reinvent German culture.
Mussorgsky give new life to Russian music. ■ THE TRUMPET 244 Avant-garde music flourishes in Darmstadt.
Introduction and Timeline 208
■ PYOTR ILYICH TCHAIKOVSKY 182 Jazz goes Bebop 246 Romany Music 272
The Shock of the New 210 In New York, Charlie Parker and Dizzy Once marginalized, Romany music is widely
Northern Lights 184 Familiar tonality is left behind as composers Gillepsie develop an innovative new jazz. admired for its emotional range and energy.
Folk culture, mythology, and striking Nordic experiment with modernist techniques.
landscapes inspire Scandinavian composers. ■ LOUIS ARMSTRONG 248 Brazilian Beats 274
■ IGOR STRAVINSKY 212 From Brazil’s vibrant music and dance culture
Ballet Music 186 Latin Beats 250 comes samba and, in the 1950s, bossa nova.
From interludes in operas, ballet develops into National Flavors 214 Slaves brought to Cuba add African rhythms
a full-fledged genre with original scores. Amid political upheaval, composers from the to the local music. Mambo, rumba, and salsa Jazz Goes Latin 276
US to Europe return to their folk heritages. soon become all the rage. American jazz musicians adopt Cuba’s slow
New Tones and Timbers 188 habanera rhythm, and a new genre is born.
Woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments ■ THE FLUTE 216 ■ LATIN PERCUSSION 252
are transformed by musicians and inventors. ■ CELIA CRUZ 278
Spanish Classical Music 218 Let’s Tango 254
■ THE SAXOPHONE 190 The distinctive music of de Falla, Rodrigo, and Touring bands and radio broadcasts bring Operatic Rebirth 280
Segovia create a new Spanish classical scene. the Argentinian tango to Europe and the Benjamin Britten in England and John Adams
Symphonic Supremacy 192 United States. in the United States found a modern opera
For Brahms, Dvořák, and Mahler, symphonies Music of Mexico 220 tradition.
are an ideal format for developing big ideas. Mexico’s music absorbs disparate influences. Come to the Cabaret 256
Song lyrics often deal with gritty reality. In the cafés and nightclubs of 1920s Berlin, Early Musical Theater 282
A Lighter Touch 194 dancers, singers, and comedians perform Hit musicals by Rogers and Hammerstein feed
Full of dancing, choruses, and witty dialogue, The Last Romantics 222 subversive and sexually charged shows. a Broadway craze in the 1940s and ’50s.
operettas are lighthearted entertainment for Rachmaninov, Strauss, and Delius bring a
cosmopolitan audiences. Romantic sensibility into the age of modernity. ■ RECORDING AND LISTENING 258 ■ MARIA CALLAS 284
■ THE GUITAR 286 Leaders of the Pack 318 Music Goes Pop 350 REFERENCE
378
New York’s Brill Building houses dozens of With catchy tunes and clever marketing,
Smooth Operators 288 songwriters, who define the era’s pop sound. singers become megastars.
The microphone facilitates the soft, crooning Visual Glossary 380
style of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra. The Sounds of Soul 320 Chart Toppers 352
Impassioned, personal, and political, soul Awards ceremonies, best-seller charts, and Genres 388
Music for Screen 290 singers make the move from church to charts. music television help to shape the charts.
Hollywood directors begin hiring composers Biographies 408
to write original movie scores. Protest Music 322 Disco Inferno 354
In the United States and Europe, musicians such DJs learn new tricks to keep people moving to Instruments 454
Hollywood Musicals 292 as Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, and Mercedes Sosa the up-tempo beats of 1970s disco.
After World War I and the post-Depression, respond to political upheaval through song. INDEX 466
musicals provide escapism with singing, Punk Explosion 356
dancing, comedy, and romance. Beatlemania 324 Loud and irreverent, the Ramones and The Sex ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 477
Four young band mates from Liverpool Pistols challenge pop conventions.
One Voice 294 take the world by storm in the 1960s a string
The gap between gospel and soul narrows, of self-written hits. Alternative Rock 358
CONSULTANT
and singers raise their voices for civil rights. A wave of young independent record labels
■ JOHN LENNON 326 springs up in the 1980s, revolutionizing rock.
Robert Ziegler conducts symphony
The Music of Indonesia 296
orchestras throughout the UK, the United
Indonesia is home to the gamelan orchestra. Blues Rock 328 Musical Revival 360
States, and Asia as well as original sound
Different styles evolve in Bali and Java. In Britain, the blues is enthusiastically taken Writers of musical theater look to pop and
tracks including There Will Be Blood, The
up by the Rolling Stones and Fleetwood Mac. rock for inspiration, creating long-running
■ GAMELAN 298 hit shows. Hobbit, Sense and Sensibility. He has
written Great Musicians for DK and is
Heavy Rock 330
an award-winning broadcaster on BBC
Island Music 300 Led Zeppelin, Alice Cooper, and Kiss amp Japanese Popular Music 362
Television and Radio.
Over the years, Hawaii’s music absorbs up the sound. Japan’s pop culture spans J-pop idols to
elements from hymns, yodeling, and ragtime. vocaloids (animated singers).
■ THE ELECTRIC GUITAR 332
Celtic Music 302 African Music 364
AUTHORS
Traditional music from parts of Britain, Ireland, Jazz Fusion 334 Musicians from all over the continent find
France, and Spain is revisited and reinvented. While some jazz musicians go electric, new audiences with pan-African and Western
Ian Blenkinsop
many rock, R&B, and pop musicians fusions and political lyrics.
Kiku Day
Longing for Fado 304 adopt jazz styles.
Rooted in Lisbon, Portugal’s poetic folk music ■ AFRICAN INSTRUMENTS 366 Reg Grant
Malcolm Hayes
sings of melancholy, longing, and urban life. Electronic Rock 336
Keith Howard
In the 1970s, rock bands start to experiment Hip-Hop 368
Chris Ingham
Bright Lights, Big City Blues 306 with synthesizers and electronic effects. The rap music of African American ghettos of
Nick Kimberley
African American musicians flock to Chicago, Los Angeles and New York becomes a global
where electric guitars and recording transform ■ DAVID BOWIE 338 commercial force. Tess Knighton (ICREA)
Jenny McCallum
the blues of the south.
Matt Milton
Ragas and Talas 340 Club Culture 370
■ THE HARMONICA 308 Voice, drums, and sitar play hypnotic rhythms From electro to house, trance to dubstep, new Chris Moss
Joe Staines
and elaborate melodies in Indian music. sounds emerge in dance music.
Susan Sturrock
Rhythm and Blues 310
In the 1940s and ’50s, African American ■ INDIAN INSTRUMENTS 342 The Korean Wave 372 Oliver Tims
Greg Ward
artists dominate the US market with a new South Korea’s pop scene goes from strength
Ed Wilson
style of music. Music Festivals 344 to strength, fueled by artist agencies and
From Woodstock to Glastonbury, festivals government encouragement.
Plugged-in For Sound 312 become a rite of passage for young fans.
When guitars and keyboards go electric, a New Voices in Classical 374
new sound and style is born —rock’n’roll. The Nashville Sound 346 Composers experiment with minimalism and
With stars such as Dolly Parton and Loretta avant-garde techniques.
Rock’n’Roll Models 314 Lynn, country becomes a top-selling genre.
Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, and Eddie Cochran Digital Revolution 376
have explosive appeal for teenage audiences. Reggae 348 Digitization and the internet transform the
Bass-heavy reggae emerges from Jamaica, way music is listened to, initiating a new
■ ELVIS PRESLEY 316 and Bob Marley takes it global. relationship between musicians and fans.
Foreword
Music is an ancient and powerful language: from the
prehistoric calls that imitated the animals we hunted and
the lullabies that sent our children to sleep, to the stirring
beats that rallied our troops to battle and the harsh fanfares that
terrified our enemies. It is a short step from the sacred hymns that
rose in the immense cathedrals built to glorify God to the pop music
thundering in stadiums commanded by rock stars.
Tracing a long and fascinating history, MUSIC: The Definitive Visual
Guide illuminates the dramatic stories of the composers and
performers who shaped these sounds and guides us, with striking
illustrations and photographs, through the many wonderful
instruments that we beat, scrape, and blow. As each musical subject
is presented in a concise and engaging two-page spread, it is easy to
travel between musical worlds that are continents and centuries
apart over the space of just a few chapters. And it’s not just the notes
and sounds themselves that are examined but also the compelling
stories behind them.
Music was an essential element of ancient mythology, medieval
poetry, and religious life. Later, the 16th century Reformation shook
the Catholic Church to its foundations and set the stage for the great
works of J. S. Bach. From the invention of the printing press,
through the creation of the phonograph and electric guitar, to the
advent of the internet, technology has consistently transformed the
way we make and listen to music.
It is often said that music is a universal language and that is reflected
in the international scope of this book. It would be easy to confine
ourselves to the great achievements of Western music, but MUSIC:
The Definitive Visual Guide journeys throughout the world to
sample the ancient music of China, the frenzied pop of Japan, the
tribal music of the African plains, and the passionate rhythms of
South American dance halls.
In Ancient Greece, Plato wrote that “Music gives a soul to the
universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination, and life to
everything," Centuries later, the great composer and bandleader
Duke Ellington (pictured here with his band) added “Music is the
oldest entity. The scope of music is immense and infinite. What is
music to you? What would you be without music?" MUSIC: The
Definitive Visual Guide will help you answer that question.
ROBERT ZIEGLER