Music Retrieval: A Tutorial and Review

107 Pages·0.482 MB·English

by  Orio N.

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Music Retrieval: A Tutorial and Review
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Music Retrieval: A Tutorial and Review is the first comprehensive survey of the vast new field v
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of Music Information Retrieval (MIR). It describes a number of issues which are peculiar to the l:
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language of music – including forms, formats, and dimensions of music – together with the T
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typologies of users and their information needs. To fulfil these needs a number of approaches to
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are discussed, from direct search to information filtering and clustering of music documents. ial a A Tutorial and Review
The emphasis is on tools, techniques, and approaches for content-based MIR, rather than on n
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the systems that implement them. The interested reader can, however, find descriptions of R
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more than 35 systems for music retrieval with links to their Web sites. v
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Nicola Orio
Music Retrieval: A Tutorial and Review can be used as both a guide for beginners who are
embarking on research in this relatively new area, and a useful reference for established N
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This book is originally published as
Foundations and Trends®in Information Retrieval,
Volume 1 Issue 1 (2006), ISSN: 1554-0669.
n now
o
w
the essence of knowledge
Music Retrieval:
A Tutorial and Review

Music Retrieval:
A Tutorial and Review
Nicola Orio
Department of Information Engineering
University of Padova
Via Gradenigo, 6/b, Padova 35131, Italy
[email protected]
Boston – Delft
Foundations and Trends(cid:13)R in
Information Retrieval
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ThepreferredcitationforthispublicationisNicolaOrio,MusicRetrieval:ATutorial
andReview,FoundationandTrends(cid:13)R inInformationRetrieval,vol1,no1,pp1–96,
November 2006
Printed on acid-free paper
ISBN: 1-933019-39-5
(cid:13)c November 2006 Nicola Orio
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Foundations and Trends(cid:13)R in
Information Retrieval
Volume 1 Issue 1, November 2006
Editorial Board
Editors-in-Chief:
Fabrizio Sebastiani
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
[email protected]
Jamie Callan
Carnegie Mellon University
[email protected]
Editors
Alan Smeaton (Dublin City University)
Andrei Z. Broder (Yahoo! Research)
Bruce Croft (University of Massachusetts, Amherst)
Charles L.A. Clarke (University of Waterloo)
Ellen Voorhees (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
Ian Ruthven (University of Strathclyde, Glasgow)
James Allan (University of Massachusetts, Amherst)
Justin Zobel (RMIT University, Melbourne)
Karen Sparck Jones (University of Cambridge)
Maarten de Rijke (University of Amsterdam)
Marcello Federico (ITC-irst)
Norbert Fuhr (University of Duisburg-Essen)
Soumen Chakrabarti (Indian Institute of Technology)
Susan Dumais (Microsoft Research)
Wei-Ying Ma (Microsoft Research Asia)
William W. Cohen (CMU)
Editorial Scope
Foundations and Trends(cid:13)R in Information Retrievalwillpublish
survey and tutorial articles in the following topics:
• Applications of IR • Metasearch, rank aggregation and
• Architectures for IR data fusion
• Collaborative filtering and • Natural language processing for IR
recommender systems • Performance issues for IR systems,
• Cross-lingual and multilingual IR including algorithms, data
structures, optimization
• Distributed IR and federated
techniques, and scalability
search
• Question answering
• Evaluation issues and test
collections for IR • Summarization of single
documents, multiple documents,
• Formal models and language
and corpora
models for IR
• Text mining
• IR on mobile platforms
• Topic detection and tracking
• Indexing and retrieval of
structured documents • Usability, interactivity, and
visualization issues in IR
• Information categorization and
clustering • User modelling and user studies
for IR
• Information extraction
• Web search
• Information filtering and routing
Information for Librarians
Foundations and Trends(cid:13)R in Information Retrieval, November 2006, Vol-
ume1,4issues.ISSNpaperversion1554-0669.ISSNonlineversion1554-0677.
Also available as a combined paper and online subscription.
FoundationsandTrends(cid:13)R in
InformationRetrieval
Vol.1,No1(November2006)1–96
(cid:13)c November2006NicolaOrio
DOI:10.1561/1500000002
Music Retrieval: A Tutorial and Review
Nicola Orio
Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova
Via Gradenigo, 6/b, Padova 35131, Italy, [email protected],
Abstract
The increasing availability of music in digital format needs to be
matched by the development of tools for music accessing, filtering,
classification, and retrieval. The research area of Music Information
Retrieval (MIR) covers many of these aspects. The aim of this paper is
to present an overview of this vast and new field. A number of issues,
which are peculiar to the music language, are described—including
forms, formats, and dimensions of music—together with the typologies
of users and their information needs. To fulfil these needs a number
of approaches are discussed, from direct search to information filtering
and clustering of music documents. An overview of the techniques for
music processing, which are commonly exploited in many approaches,
is also presented. Evaluation and comparisons of the approaches on a
common benchmark are other important issues. To this end, a descrip-
tionoftheinitialeffortsandevaluationcampaignsforMIRisprovided.

Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Review of Music Concepts 4
2 Characteristics of the Music Language 9
2.1 Which Content Does Music Convey? 10
2.2 Dimensions of the Music Language 11
2.3 Music Forms 14
2.4 Formats of Musical Documents 21
3 The Role of the User 29
3.1 Casual Users 30
3.2 Professional Users 34
3.3 Music Theorists, Musicologists, and Musicians 36
3.4 Interaction with the System 37
4 Music Processing 41
4.1 Symbolic Form: Melody 42
4.2 Symbolic Form: Harmony 46
4.3 Audio Form: Timbre 47
4.4 Audio Form: Orchestration 49
4.5 Audio Form: Rhythm 50
4.6 Audio Form: Melody 52
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