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TOM MANOFE ; ese a ” ; a y . es it eeGllee a. es a “thay 94 r a P . ’ as ey, ' o. ’ v ua jr hs ee , ‘ a oe ss J —_ : i A a Bia | a ~ r , _ , ae < \ one . © Eae S s ea fe Ate feta | MUSIC: a living language also by Tom Manoff The Music Kit MUSIC: a living language TOM MANOFF Cover photograph by Christian Steiner Jacket design by Antler & Baldwin Design Group Layout by Ben Gamit Copyright © 1982 by Tom Manoff All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Manoff, Tom. Music: a living language. 1. Music—Analysis, appreciation. I. Title. MT6.M267M9 780’ .1'5 81-22346 ISBN 0-393-95194-4 AACR2 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10110 W. W. Norton & Company Ltd. 37 Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3NU 7890 In memory of my mother . and our ancient family line the wind’s smoke, the sun's shadow — MICHELANGELO Acknowledgments P. 133: Transcription of Viderunt omnes by Edward Roesner. P. 165: Text for Nuper rosarum flores from Norton Anthology of Western Music, Vol. I, edited by Claude Palisca (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980). P. 173: Translation of Pase el agoa by Lawrence Rosenwald from Pleasure of the Royal Court H-71326, © 1976. Nonesuch Records, A Division of Warner Communications Inc. Pp. 185,186: Two excerpts from the musical West Side Story lyrics by Stephen Sondheim © 1957, 1959 by Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sond- heim. G. Schirmer Inc. Chappell and Co. Inc. Music Publishers. P. 299: Translation of Lied der Mignon by Philip L. Miller in his The Ring of Words: An Anthology of Song Texts (New York: W.W. Norton, 1973). P. 335: Translation of Rastlose Liebe from The Book of the Hanging Gardens by Steven Ledbetter, H-71320 © 1975. Nonesuch Records, A Division of Warner Communications Inc. P. 409: Translation of Dividido el corazon reprinted from Dark and Light in Spanish New Mexico: Alabados and Bailes courtesy of New World Records. Pp. 419-20: Discussion of Appalachian Spring with permission of Aaron Copland. P. 422: Excerpt from Elliott Carter’s notes from Double Concerto H-71314 © 1975. Nonesuch Records, A Division of Warner Communications Inc. P. 440: Banquet from For the Roses, © 1972 Crazy Crow Music. Used by Permission. All rights reserved. P. 440: Judgment of the Moon and Stars from For the Roses, © 1972 Crazy Crow Music. Used by permission. All rights reserved. P. 441: Quote from Shadows and Light, © 1975 Crazy Crow Music. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Pp. 442,443: Amelia from Hejira, © 1976 Crazy Crow Music. Used by permis- VI sion. All rights reserved. Contents Preface, xvii Foreword, by Robert Irotter, xix Introduction, 1 Listening Beyond Style Music and Culture. Genre. The Importance of Stylistic Detail. The Historical Connection. The Interlocking Strands of Musical Culture 1 Materials of Music-l, 7 The Demonstration Melody Rhythm Some Aspects of Rhythmic Organization. Pulse, Beat, and Periodicity. Tempo. Meter. Time Signatures. Syncopation Forward Potential The Rhythmic Bond Phrase and Form Rhythm Gives Life to Form The Notation of Rhythm. Notes Control Space. Rests. Score. Rhythmic Texture vii Vill 2 Materials of Music-II, 27 Pitch Pitch Names. Accidentals. Dynamics Timbre—Tone Instrumental Timbre. Pitch Range Melody and Harmony Interval. Consonant and Dissonant Intervals. Chord Melody and Scale Half Steps and Whole Steps. Major and Minor Scales. The Chromatic Scale. Church Modes Melodic Shape Melodic Shape and Scale Form, Shape, and Song Melody and Motive Variation. Describing Melody. Development. Melody and Mo- tive—Summary Texture— Monophonic and Polyphonic Foreground and Background Polyphonic Texture The Art of Counterpoint. Melodic Shape in Polyphony. Disso- nant Polyphony The Interplay between Linear and Harmonic Organization. Texture—A Continuum 3 Materials of Musi- IcII , 70 The Magic of the String The Octave. Octave and Scale Tonality Tonality and Harmony. Tonality and Key. Tonality and Form. Harmonic Series, Ionality—Summary The Major—Minor Tonal System Modal Harmony. Cultural Conditioning and tlhe Major—Minor Tradition Basic Principles of Form Repetition. Contrast. Unity and Variety. Balance and Propor- tion. Summary Describing Form Phrase-Groups. Phrase Design. Sectional Forms: Binary and Ternary. Continuous Form. Introduction and Coda