Muscle Contraction and Cell Motility: Molecular and Cellular Aspects PDF
Preview Muscle Contraction and Cell Motility: Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology 12 Editor-in-Chief R. Gilles, Liege Editorial Board P. 1. Butler, Birmingham R. Greger, Freiburg Ch. P. Mangum, Williamsburg G. N. Somero, Corvallis K. Takahashi, Tokyo R.E. Weber, Aarhus Volumes already published Vol. 1: NaCI 'Ii"ansport in Epithelia. Edited by R. Greger (1988) Vol. 2: From the Contents: Hibernation - Vapor Absorption. Nutrient 'Ii"ansport - Stable Pollutants (1988) Vol. 3: Molecular and Cellular Basis of Social Behavior in Vertebrates. Edited by 1 Balthazart (1989) Vol. 4: Animal Adaptation to Cold. Edited by L. C. H. Wang (1989) Vol. 5: From the Contents: Osmoregulation - Chemoreception - Thmperature - Spectroscopy - Metalloproteins - Prostaglandins (Eicosanoids) - Maternal-Fetal Relationships (1989) Vol. 6: Vertebrate Gas Exchange: From Environment to Cell. Edited by R. G. Boutilier (1990) Vol. 7: From the Contents: Protein Thrnover - Xenobiotic Metabolism Lipoproteins (1991) Vol. 8: From the Contents: Dormancy in Aquatic Invertebrates-Root Effect - Red Blood Cell Functions in Fish Diving Mammals (1991) Vol. 9: Volume and Osmolality Control in Animal Cells. Edited by R. Gilles, E.K. Hojjmann, and L. Bolis (1991) Vol. 10: Comparative Aspects of Mechanoreceptor Systems. Edited by R Ito (1992) Vol. 11: Mechanics of Animal Locomotion. Edited by R. McN. Alexander (1992) Vol. 12: Muscle Contraction and Cell Motility: Molecular and Cellular Aspects. Edited by H. Sugi (1992) Volumes in preparation Vol. 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers. Edited by Ch. R Mangum Vol. 14: Interaction of Cell Volume and Cell Function. Edited by R Lang and D. Hllussinger Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates. Edited by V. L. Bels, M Chardon, and R Vandewalle Ion 'Ii"ansport in Vertebrate Colon. Edited by W. Clauss Electrogenic Chloride 'Ii"ansporters in Biological Membranes. Edited by G. A. Gerencser Effects of High Pressure on Biological Systems. Edited by A. G. Macdonald Mechanisms of Systematic Regulation. Vol. 1: Respiration and Circulation. Vol. 2: Acid-Base Regulation, Ion 'Ii"ansfer and Metabolism. Edited by N. Heisler Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology 12 Muscle Contraction and Cell Motility , Molecular and Cellular Aspects Guest Editor: Haruo Sugi With Contributions by A. M. Gordon . T. J. Itoh . R. Kamiya . I. Mabuchi G. Pfitzer . J. C. Ruegg . T. Shimmen . J. M. Squire H. Sugi . S. Winegrad . L. D. Yates With 77 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Guest Editor: Prof. Dr. Haruo Sugi Department of Physiology School of Medicine Teikyo University 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-ku Tokyo 173, Japan ISBN -13 :978-3-642-76929-0 e-ISBN -13: 978-3-642-76927-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76927-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Muscle contraction and cell motility: molecular and cellular aspects I guest editor, Haruo Sugi; with contributions by A. M. Gordon ... [et aI.]. p. cm. - (Advances in comparative and environmental physiology; 12) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13:978-3-642-76929-0 I. Muscle contraction. 2. Muscle cells. 3. Cells - Motility. I. Sugi, Haruo, 1933- . II. Series. [DNLM: I. Cell Movement - physiology. 2. Muscle Contraction - physiology. WI AD545 v. 12 I WE 500 M9845] QP33.A38 vol. 12 [QP321] 591.1 s-dc20 [591.1'852) DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 92-2173 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad casting, reproduction on microfibn or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protec tive laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and applica tion thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. 'IYPesetting: Best-set, Hong Kong, and K + V Fotosatz GmbH, Beerfelden 31/3145-5 4 3 2 I 0 - Printed on acid-free paper Foreword to the Series The aim of the series is to provide comprehensive, integrated reviews giv ing sound, critical, and provocative summaries of our present knowledge in environmental and comparative physiology, from the molecular to the organismic level. Living organisms have evolved a widespread range of basic solutions to cope with the different problems, both organismal and environmental, with which they are faced. A clear understanding of these solutions is of course of fundamental interest for all biologists, zoologically or med ically oriented. They can be best comprehended in the framework of the environmental and/or comparative approaches. These approaches de mand either wide surveys of animal forms or a knowledge of the specific adaptive features of the species considered. This diversity of require ments, both at the conceptual and technological level, together with the fact that physiology and biochemistry have long been mainly devoted to the service of medicine, can account for the fact that these approaches emerged only slowly amongst the other new, more rapidly growing disci plines of the biological sciences. The field has now gained the international status it deserves and the organization of a series devoted to it appeared timely to me in view of its actual rapid development and of the interest it arouses for a growing number of biologists, physiologists, and biochemists, independently of their basic, major orientation. Liege, Belgium, Spring 1988 Raymond Gilles List of Editors Editor-in-Chief R. Gilles Laboratory of Animal Physiology University of Liege 22, Quai Van Beneden 4020 Liege, Belgium Editorial Board P.J. Butler G.N. Somero School of Biological Sciences Department of Zoology University of Birmingham Oregon State University P.O. Box 363 Corvallis, OR 97331-2914 Birmingham B 15 2TT, England USA R. Greger K. Takahashi Physiologisches Institut Zoological Institute der Universitiit Freiburg Faculty of Sciences Lehrstuhl II University of Tokyo Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7 Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan 7800 Freiburg, FRG R.E. Weber Ch. P. Mangum Zoophysiology Laboratory Department of Biology University of Aarhus The College of William & Mary Building 131 Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Those interested in contributing to this series should contact Professor R. Gilles or one of the Series Editors. Review proposals should include a short outline - and a 'Rlble of Contents - briefly d~ning the aims and scope of the review. Preface This volume intends to provide a comprehensive overview on the mecha nisms of muscle contraction and non-muscle cell motility at the molecu lar and cellular level, not only for investigators in these fields but also for general readers interested in these topics. A most attractive feature of various living organisms in the animal and plant kingdoms is their ability to move. In spite of a great diversity in the structure and function of various motile systems, it has frequently been assumed since the nineteenth century that all kinds of "motility" are essentially the same. Based on this assumption, some investigators in the nineteenth century thought that the mechanisms of motility could better be studied on primitive non-muscle motile systems such as amoeboid movement, rath er than on highly specialized muscle cells. Contrary to their expectation, however, the basic mechanisms of motility have been revealed solely by investigations on vertebrate skeletal muscles, since a monumental discovery of Szent-Gyorgyi and his coworkers in the early 1940s that muscle contraction results from the interaction between two different contractile proteins, actin and myosin, coupled with ATP hydrolysis. Muscles are classified into three types, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles, according to their structure and function. In vertebrate animals, skeletal muscle produces body movement, cardiac muscle is responsible for the function of the heart as a pump, and smooth muscle is distribut ed among various visceral organs and blood vessels. The mechanical activity of muscle is regulated primarily by changes in the transmem brane potential of muscle cells. From the standpoint of muscle physiology, therefore, an important question is how muscle contraction (ATP-dependent actin-myosin interaction) is controlled by the electrical phenomena taking place at the surface membrane. It is now clear that the above "regulatory" mechanism of muscle contraction is generally mediated by Ca ions and various "regulatory" proteins, though a num ber of problems still remain to be solved. Recent progress in research work on the regulatory mechanisms in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles is described in Chapters 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Another monumental discovery in the field of muscle research, made by H.E. Huxley, A.F. Huxley and their coworkers in the early 1950s, is that muscle contraction results from relative sliding between the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments. The establishment of the "sliding VIII Preface filament" mechanism in muscle contraction led to the question, what makes the filaments slide past each other? In spite of intense physiologi cal, biochemical and structural studies, however, the above question is not yet answered clearly. In Chapters 4 and 5, up-to-date information about the mechanism of actin-myosin sliding coupled with ATP hydrolysis is presented to give readers an idea about muscle as a machine converting chemical energy into mechanical work. Recent remarkable progress in the research field of non-muscle motile systems is obviously based on the accumulated knowledge on the mechanism of muscle contraction. As described in Chapters 6 and 7, non-muscle cell motility can generally be divided into the actin-myosin based and the tubulin-dynein based motilities. The actin-myosin based motility is responsible for cytoplasmic streaming and amoeboid move ment, while ciliary and flagellar movement results from the tubu lin-dynein based motility. In Chapter 8, various aspects of cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis) is described, in which the structures of microtubules (tubulin) and contraction ring (actin) are extremely elusive and exhibit dynamic changes. Finally, I would like to emphasize that future progress of muscle and cell motility research will lead not only to the understanding of the mechanism of chemo-mechanical energy conversion but also to the understanding of the mechanism of energy transduction in biological systems in general. Tokyo, January 1992 Horuo Sugi Contents Chapter 1 Regulatory Mechanism of Contraction in Skeletal Muscle A. M. Gordon and L. D. Yates ............................. . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Excitation-Contraction Coupling .......................... 3 3 Calcium Activation of Actomyosin Interaction .............. 13 References ............................................... 31 Chapter 2 Regulation of Contractility in Cardiac Muscle S. Winegrad .............................................. 37 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 2 The Basic Contractile Process ............................ 38 3 Regulation of the Contraction ............................ 41 References ............................................... 58 Chapter 3 Smooth Muscle Activation G. Pjitzer and J. C Ruegg 63 1 Introduction .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63 2 Calcium Transport ...................................... 64 3 The Dependence of Smooth Muscle Tone on the Intracellular Concentration of Ca2+ .................................. 68 4 Calcium Activation of Smooth Muscle Contractile Proteins .. 72 References ............................................... 82 x Contents Chapter 4 The Structures of Striated and Smooth Muscles Related to Their Function J. M Squire .............................................. 87 1 The Development of Organisation in Muscle Cells .......... 87 2 Striated Muscle Sarcomeres .............................. 94 3 Lattice Specialisations in Striated Muscles ........................................ 101 4 3-D Geometry of the Actin-Myosin Interaction in Striated Muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 110 5 Structure and Function of Smooth Muscles ................ 116 6 Molecular Movements Involved in Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 120 References ............................................... 125 Chapter 5 Molecular Mechanism of Actin-Myosin Interaction in Muscle Contraction H. Sugi .................................................. 132 1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 132 2 Basic Characteristics of Contracting Muscle ................ 134 3 Muscle Mechanics and Theories of Contraction ............. 137 4 Biochemical Aspects of Actin-Myosin Interaction ........... 153 5 Conformational Changes of the Myosin Head During Muscle Contraction ..................................... 158 6 In Vitro Assay Systems for Studying the Actin-Myosin Interaction ............................................. 161 References ............................................... 165 Chapter 6 Mechanisms of Cytoplastic Streaming and Amoeboid Movement T. Shimmen .............................................. 172 1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 172 2 Rotational Streaming in Characeae ........................ 173 3 Shuttle Streaming in the Plasmodium of Physarum, a True Slime Mold ...................................... 180 4 Cytoplasmic Streaming in Other Plant Cells ................ 190 5 Amoeboid Movement .................................... 192 6 Concluding Remarks .................................... 197 References ............................................... 198
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