Muscle and Nonmuscle Motility

218 Pages·1983·5.843 MB·English

by  Alfred Stracher (Eds.)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
An International Series of Monographs and Textbooks
Editors: BERNARD HORECKER, NATHAN O. KAPLAN, JULIUS MARMUR, AND
HAROLD A. SCHERAGA
A complete list of titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
Molecular Biofogy
An International Series of Monographs and Textbooks
Editors
BERNARD HORECKER NATHAN O. KAPLAN
Roche Institute of Molecular Biology Department of Chemistry
Nutley, New Jersey University of California
At San Diego
La Jolla, California
JULIUS MARMUR HAROLD A. SCHERAGA
Department of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry
Albert Einstein College of Medicine Cornell University
Yeshiva University Ithaca, New York
Bronx, New York
HAROLD A. SCHERAGA. Protein Structure. 1961
STUART A. RICE AND MITSURU NAGASAWA. Polyelectrolyte Solutions: A
Theoretical Introduction, with a contribution by Herbert Morawetz. 1961
SIDNEY UDENFRIEND. Fluorescence Assay in Biology and Medicine. Volume
1-1962. Volume 11-1969
J. HERBERT TAYLOR (Editor). Molecular Genetics. Part 1—1963. Part II—
1967. Part Ill-Chromosome Structure-1979
ARTHUR VEIS. The Macromolecular Chemistry of Gelatin. 1964
M. JOLY. A Physico-chemical Approach to the Denaturation of Proteins.
1965
SYDNEY J. LEACH (Editor). Physical Principles and Techniques of Protein
Chemistry. Part A-1969. Part B-1970. Part C-1973
KENDRIC C. SMITH AND PHILIP C. HANAWALT. Molecular Photobiology:
Inactivation and Recovery. 1969
RONALD BENTLEY. Molecular Asymmetry in Biology. Volume 1—1969.
Volume 11-1970
JACINTO STEINHARDT AND JACQUELINE A. REYNOLDS. Multiple Equilibria
in Protein. 1969
DOUGLAS POLAND AND HAROLD A. SCHERAGA. Theory of Helix-Coil Transi-
tions in Biopolymers. 1970
JOHN R. CANN. Interacting Macromolecules: The Theory and Practice of
Their Electrophoresis, Ultracentrifugation, and Chromatography. 1970
WALTER W. WAINIO. The Mammalian Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain.
1970
LAWRENCE I. ROTHFIELD (Editor). Structure and Function of Biological
Membranes. 1971
ALAN G. WALTON AND JOHN BLACKWELL. Biopolymers. 1973
WALTER LOVENBERG (Editor). Iron-Sulfur Proteins. Volume I, Biological
Properties—1973. Volume II, Molecular Properties-1973. Volume III,
Structure and Metabolic Mechanisms—1977
A. J. HOPFINGER. Conformational Properties of Macromolecules. 1973
R. D. B. FRASER AND T. P. MACRAE. Conformation in Fibrous Proteins. 1973
OSAMU HAYAISHI (Editor). Molecular Mechanisms of Oxygen Activation.
1974
FUMIO OOSAWA AND SHO ASAKURA. Thermodynamics of the Polymerization
of Protein. 1975
LAWRENCE J. BERLINER (Editor). Spin Labeling: Theory and Applications.
Volume 1,1976. Volume II, 1978
T. BLUNDELL AND L. JOHNSON. Protein Crystallography. 1976
HERBERT WEISSBACH AND SIDNEY PESTKA (Editors). Molecular Mecha-
nisms of Protein Biosynthesis. 1977
TERRANCE LEIGHTON AND WILLIAM F. LOOMIS, JR. (Editors). The Mole-
cular Genetics of Development: An Introduction to Recent Research on
Experimental Systems. 1980
ROBERT B. FREEDMAN AND HILARY C. HAWKINS (Editors). The Enzy-
mology of Post-Translational Modification of Proteins, Volume 1. 1980
WAI YIU CHEUNG (Editor). Calcium and Cell Function, Volume I:
Calmodulin. 1980. Volume II. 1982. Volume III. 1982
OLEG JARDETZKY and G. C. K. ROBERTS. NMR in Molecular Biology. 1981
DAVID A. DUBNAU (Editor). The Molecular Biology of the Bacilli, Vol-
ume I: Bacillus subtilis. 1982
GORDON G. HAMMES. Enzyme Catalysis and Regulation. 1982
GUNTER KAHL and JOSEF S. SCHELL (Editors). Molecular Biology of
Plant Tumors. 1982
P. R. CAREY. Biochemical Applications of Raman and Resonance Raman
Spectroscopies. 1982
OSAMU HAYAISHI and KUNIHIRO UEDA (Editors). ADP-Ribosylation Re-
actions: Biology and Medicine. 1982
G. O. ASPINALL. The Polysaccharides, Volume 1. 1982
CHARIS GHELIS and JEANNINE YON. Protein Folding. 1982
ALFRED STRACHER (Editor). Muscle and Non-Muscle Motility, Volume 1.
1983. Volume 2. 1983
In preparation
G. O. ASPINALL. The Polysaccharides, Volume 2. 1983
WAI YIU CHEUNG (Editor). Calcium and Cell Function, Volume IV. 1983
SANWfGÜ
Muscle and Nonmuscle
Motility
Volume 2
EDITED BY
Alfred Stracher
Department of Biochemistry
Downstate Medical Center
State University of New York
Brooklyn, New York
1983
ACADEMIC PRESS
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Muscle and nonmuscle motility.
(Molecular biology)
Includes index.
1. Muscle contraction. 2. Contractility (Biology)
I. Stracher, Alfred, Date. II. Series.
QP321.M888 1982 599'.OI852 82-11567
ISBN O-I2-673OO2-4 (v.2)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
83 84 85 86 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Christopher W. Bell (1), Pacific Biomédical Research Center, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
Richard D. Berlin (153), Department of Physiology, University of Connec-
ticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
JoanM. Caron1 (153), Department of Physiology, University of Connecti-
cut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
I. R. Gibbons (1), Pacific Biomédical Research Center, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
W. B. Gratzer (37), Medical Research Council, Cell Biophysics Unit, De-
partment of Biophysics, King's College, London WC2B 5RL,
England
Janet M. Oliver (153), Department of Physiology, University of Connecti-
cut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
Saul Puszkin (125), Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of
Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of
New York, New York, New York 10029
William J. Schook (125), Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of
Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of
New York, New York, New York 10029
^Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California
School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143.
vu
Preface
The term contractility has taken on a more general meaning in recent
years. Whereas at one time the designation referred mainly to how
muscle cells shortened, the realization that motility and contractility in
biological systems are phenomena utilized by virtually all cells has given
rise to numerous investigations concerned with the mechanism of move-
ment in a variety of systems, more commonly referred to as "nonmuscle
motility."
Inasmuch as the proteins such as myosin, actin, and tropomyosin long
thought to be exclusively associated with muscle contraction have also
been found in nonmuscle cells, it has been considered that the basic
underlying mechanisms responsible for contractility and motility in both
systems are similar, if not the same. At the same time, it appears that the
nonmuscle system may be the more general (or primitive), whereas the
muscle cell has achieved a higher level of organization in the evolution-
ary scheme. Although comparative studies have suggested that the con-
tractile proteins are similar, the regulatory processes of the nonmuscle
systems appear to be more complex, and at this time, it is not clear how
they operate.
Because much progress has been made since the last edition of
Bourne's Structure and Function of Muscle and because our knowledge of
nonmuscle systems has expanded considerably, reviews and updates of
the information that has accumulated in these areas are called for.
Although a number of research symposia have dealt with these topics
over the past decade, no in-depth review series has been published. It
was felt that a book that dealt simultaneously with both muscle and
nonmuscle motility would be of sufficient interest and import to warrant
initiating a multivolume series updating current research.
ix
X PREFACE
Although the volumes are primarly directed to those concerned with
studying contractility (be they biochemists or cell biologists), others in-
terested in cell structure and/or cell surfaces will find these first two
volumes of value. Future volumes will deal with subjects such as the
structure of individual contractile proteins, cytoskeletal structures, mus-
cle differentiation and fiber types, secretory processes, and regulation of
contractility, to mention a few. In each case authors will be asked to
compare both muscle and nonmuscle systems, when feasible.
Volume 2 provides a view of some nonmuscle motility subjects, which
are not exhaustive by far. These chapters deal with the cytoskeletal
structure of cells, including the red blood cell; the role of clathrin in cell
function; mechanochemical properties of ciliary movement; and the
regulation of cell surface structure and function. Further nonmuscle
subjects will deal with (1) platelet motility, (2) microtubular assembly, (3)
actin in nonmuscle cells, (4) intermediate filament assembly and func-
tion, and (5) cytoskeletal proteins.
Thus, this series represents an interdisciplinary approach to the dis-
cussion of cell contractility and motility and brings both subjects into
juxtaposition to provide a better understanding of their similarities and
differences.
Contents of Volume 1
1. Molecular Basis of Contraction in Cross-Striated Muscles
and Relevance to Motile Mechanisms in Other Cells
Hugh E. Huxley
2. Macromolecular Assembly of Myosin
Frank A. Pepe
3. Macromolecular Assembly of Actin
Fumio Oosawa
4. Regulation of Contractility
Setsuro Ebashi
5. The Regulation of Cytoplasmic Ca2+ Concentration in Muscle
and Nonmuscle Cells
Anthony N. Martonosi
XI
1
Chapter
Preparation and Properties of Dynein
ATPase
Christopher W. Bell and I. R. Gibbons
I. Introduction 1
II. Preparation and Properties of Dynein Isoenzymes from Sea
Urchin Sperm Flagella 3
A. Isolation of Flagellar Axonemes 3
B. Extraction of Dynein Isoenzymes 4
C. Properties of Dynein 1 and Its Subunits 5
D. Properties of Dynein 2 17
III. Preparation and Properties of Dynein ATPases from Other
Sources 19
A. Tetrahymena 22
B. Chlamydomonas 25
C. Lamellibranch Gill Cilia 27
D. Starfish Sperm 27
E. Trout Sperm 28
IV. Function of Dynein ATPases 28
References 34
I. Introduction
On the basis of present knowledge, it appears that the great majority
of motile processes in eukaryotes are caused by the action of one of two
macromolecular systems: the actomyosin system or the tubulin—dynein
system. The systems appear to be generally similar inasmuch as, in both
cases, the energy stored in the terminal phosphate of ATP is released by
one protein (myosin or dynein) and utilized to perform work on a struc-
MUSCLE AND NONMUSCLE MOTILITY 1 COPYRIGHT © 1983 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
VOLUME 2 ALL RIGHTS OF REPRODUCTION IN ANY FORM RESERVED.
ISBN 0-12-673002-4