multiwall carbon nanotubes alter the thermal profile and antibiotic elution of orthopaedic bone ...

105 Pages·2016·5.38 MB·English

by  Alison Carroll Tickle

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2010
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Alison Carroll Tickle
University of Kentucky, [email protected]
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Tickle, Alison Carroll, "MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES ALTER THE THERMAL PROFILE AND
ANTIBIOTIC ELUTION OF ORTHOPAEDIC BONE CEMENT" (2010). University of Kentucky Master's Theses.
76.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/76
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been
accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge.
For more information, please contact [email protected].
ABSTRACT OF THESIS

MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES ALTER THE THERMAL PROFILE AND
ANTIBIOTIC ELUTION OF ORTHOPAEDIC BONE CEMENT

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have extraordinary mechanical and
thermal transport properties. They significantly improve the static and dynamic
mechanical properties of acrylic orthopaedic bone cement when added to the dry cement
polymer powder. Understanding the role MWNTs play on bone cement polymerization
temperatures will lead to improved mechanical integrity of the cement-bone interface in
joint arthroplasties. It was determined through thermal testing that MWNTs increased
the polymerization time of the methylmethacrylate by 45-460% and decreased the peak
exothermic temperature of bone cement with and without antibiotics. The flow of heat
produced during polymerizing cement was reduced 25-85% with the addition of MWNTs
to the cement powder. This decreases the probability of thermal necrosis and “hot” spots 
caused by high exothermic polymerization temperatures that can destroy the bone
adjacent to the cement. These high temperatures also affect the potency and range of
antibiotics used in arthroplasty. Isothermal and elution studies determined that MWNTs
altered the heat flow and amount of antibiotic release from bone cement during
polymerization. Antibiotic elution from bone cement containing MWNTs could match
the elution seen in pure cement. The alteration of the flow of heat from bone cement
leads to new options for heat-labile antibiotics in total joint arthroplasty.

KEYWORDS: Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes, Orthopaedic Bone Cement, Bone Cement
Polymerization Temperature, Bone Cement Isothermal Reactions, Antibiotic Elution

_______Alison C. Tickle______

________April 19, 2010_______
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MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES ALTER THE THERMAL PROFILE AND
ANTIBIOTIC ELUTION OF ORTHOPAEDIC BONE CEMENT

By

Alison Carroll Tickle

________David Pienkowski_________
Director of Thesis

_______Abhijit Patwardhan_________
Director of Graduate Studies

__________May 3, 2010____________

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THESIS

Alison Carroll Tickle

The Graduate School

University of Kentucky

2010

vi
MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES ALTER THE THERMAL PROFILE AND
ANTIBIOTIC ELUTION OF ORTHOPAEDIC BONE CEMENT

________________________________

THESIS
________________________________

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering
in the Graduate School at the University of Kentucky

By

Alison Carroll Tickle

Lexington, Kentucky

Director: Dr. David Pienkowski, Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering

Lexington, Kentucky

2010

Copyright ©Alison C. Tickle 2010

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The following thesis, while an individual work, benefited from the insights and
direction of several people. First, my Thesis Chair, David Pienkowski, exemplifies the
high quality scholarship to which I aspire. In addition, Mauro Giordani and Brock Marrs
provided timely and instructive comments and evaluation at every stage of the thesis
process, allowing me to complete this project on schedule. Next, I wish to thank the
complete Thesis Committee: David Puleo and Rodney Andrews. Along the way, I also
received guidance and help from Rebecca Peyyala and Stephen Duncan. Each individual
provided insights that guided and challenged my thinking, substantially improving the
finished product. I’d also like to thank the Center for Applied Energy Research, the 
Center for Biomedical Engineering, the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Center
for Oral Health Research, and the Clinical Laboratories at the University of Kentucky for
their continued support of this work.

In addition to the technical and instrumental assistance above, I received equally
important assistance from family and friends. My parents, Robert and Debbie Tickle,
supported my desire to achieve a Master’s degree and knew from an early age that I
would be attending graduate school. It was a result of your guidance and encouragement
that I succeeded in furthering my education. Finally, I wish to thank my colleagues in the
Biomedical Engineering department who helped me along the road to achieving my goal
as well as all my friends who supported and encouraged me throughout my studies.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii
Chapter 1 - Background ...................................................................................................... 1
Section 1.1 Arthroplasty ........................................................................................... 1
Section 1.1.1 History and Functions ............................................................................. 1
Section 1.1.2 Current Clinical Data .............................................................................. 2
Section 1.2 Bone Cement ......................................................................................... 5
Section 1.2.1 Composition and Structure ...................................................................... 5
Section 1.2.2 Polymerization Process ........................................................................... 6
Section 1.2.3 Properties ................................................................................................. 8
Section 1.2.4 Antibiotic Laden Bone Cement ............................................................. 11
Section 1.2.5 Variations and Adaptations ................................................................... 14
Section 1.3 Carbon Nanotubes ............................................................................... 17
Section 1.3.1 History and Properties ........................................................................... 17
Section 1.3.2 Carbon Nanotube Composites ............................................................... 19
Section 1.4 Objectives ............................................................................................ 27
Chapter 2 – Polymerization Kinetics of Acrylic Bone Cement with MWNTs................. 28
Section 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 28
Section 2.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 32
Section 2.2.1 Polymerization Kinetics ........................................................................ 33
Section 2.2.2 Isothermal Heating ................................................................................ 36
Section 2.2.2.1 Simplex Bone Cement ........................................................................ 37
Section 2.2.2.2 Palacos Bone Cement ......................................................................... 38
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Section 2.3 Results ................................................................................................. 47
Section 2.3.1 Polymerization Kinetics Results ........................................................... 47
Section 2.3.2 Isothermal Heating Results ................................................................... 51
Section 2.3.2.1 Simplex Results ................................................................................... 51
Section 2.3.2.2 Palacos Results .................................................................................... 57
Section 2.3.2.3 Comparison of Simplex and Palacos Bone Cement ............................ 61
Section 2.4 Discussion ............................................................................................ 64
Section 2.4.1 Polymerization Kinetics Conclusions ................................................... 64
Section 2.4.2 Isothermal Heating Conclusions ........................................................... 66
Chapter 3 - Elution Properties of Antibiotic Bone Cement with MWNTs ....................... 68
Section 3.1 Background .......................................................................................... 68
Section 3.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 72
Section 3.3 Results ................................................................................................. 75
Section 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................ 82
Chapter 4 - Conclusions and Future Work ....................................................................... 84
Section 4.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 84
Section 4.2 Future Work ............................................................................................ 85
References ......................................................................................................................... 87
VITA ................................................................................................................................. 93 

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Current Bone Cements……………………………………………....................9
Table 1.2 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes……………………………………………...19
Table 2.1 Activation Energies, Frequency Factors, Areas, and Control Polymerization
Values……………….…………………………………..………………………..……...50

Table 2.2 Maximum Heat Flow and Duration for MWNT and Tobramycin Loaded
Simplex Bone Cement…………………………………..………………………..……...52

Table 2.3 Maximum Heat Flow and Duration for MWNT and Cefazolin Loaded Simplex
Bone Cement…………...…………………………………………………..…………….56
Table 2.4 Maximum Heat Flow and Duration for MWNT and Gentamicin Loaded
Palacos. Bone Cement ………...………………………………………………………...59
Table 2.5 Maximum Heat Flow and Duration for all MWNT Palacos Bone Cement
Samples………………………………………………………………………….........….60
Table 2.6 Heat Flow Maximum and Duration Comparison for Palacos and Simplex Bone
Cement ………………………………………………….……………………..………...63

Table 3.1 Food and Drug Administration-Approved Premixed Antibiotic Bone Cements
Used in Study ………………………………………………….………………………...70
Table 3.2  Elution Amounts and Rates for Each Sample………………………………...76
Table 3.3 Total Elution Amount and Elution Rates for Each Sample Type…………….79

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