Multilingual Environments in the Great War PDF
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Multilingual Environments in the Great War Also available from Bloomsbury Making Sense of People and Place in Linguistic Landscapes, edited by Amiena Peck, Christopher Stroud and Quentin Williams Multilingual Memories, edited by Robert Blackwood and John Macalister Multilingualism in the Public Space, edited by Robert Blackwood and Deirdre Dunlevy The Language of War Monuments, by David Machin Words and the First World War, by Julian Walker Multilingual Environments in the Great War Edited by Julian Walker and Christophe Declercq BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2021 Copyright © Julian Walker, Christophe Declercq and Contributors, 2021 Julian Walker and Christophe Declercq have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Editors of this work. Cover design: Rebecca Heselton Cover image © Julian Walker All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Walker, Julian, 1954- editor. | Declercq, Christophe, 1971- editor. Title: Multilingual environments in the Great War / edited by Julian Walker and Christophe Declercq. Description: London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2020050808 (print) | LCCN 2020050809 (ebook) | ISBN 9781350141346 (hardback) | ISBN 9781350141353 (ebook) | ISBN 9781350141360 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: World War, 1914-1918–Language. | Languages in contact. | Language and languages–Political aspects. | War and society. | Sociolinguistics. Classification: LCC P130.5 .M85 2021 (print) | LCC P130.5 (ebook) | DDC 940.3/1–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020050808 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020050809 ISBN: HB: 978-1-3501-4134-6 ePDF: 978-1-3501-4135-3 eBook: 978-1-3501-4136-0 Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India To find out more about our authors and books visit www .bloomsbury .com and sign up for our newsletters. Contents List of illustrations vii List of contributors viii Preface Christophe Declercq and Julian Walker xiii List of abbreviations and acronyms xxvii Part I Multilingual environments Introduction to Part I Hillary Briffa 3 1 Wilhelm Doegen and the Königlich-Preussische Phonographische Kommission: Translation, phonetics and phonography among the Italian prisoners in the German POW camps of the Great War Stefano Bannò 7 2 The French army and Russian interpreting and translating in France and Macedonia during the First World War Gwendal Piégais 19 3 Language in East Africa during the First World War Anne Samson 32 4 Pioneers of internationalism: Esperanto and the First World War Javier Alcalde 44 5 Scenarios and projections in First World War phrasebooks Julian Walker 58 Part II Language and identity Introduction to Part II Constance Ruzich 75 6 ‘O belo dizem que é beau’: The choice of poetic language, performed identities and imagined communities in the First World War Julia Ribeiro S. C. Thomaz 78 7 ‘Authentic Histories’ and racial insults: Memoirs on African-American soldiers in the First World War Chris Kemsphall 90 8 Romanian writers who fought in the First World War and how the ‘Great War’ shaped their works Cristina Ileana Ilea (Rogojină) 99 9 The 1915 German-Estonian phrasebook as an interface of German-Estonian language contact and a vehicle for annexationist propaganda Mart Kuldkepp 109 10 Politics of words: Language and loyalty of Czech-speaking soldiers in the Austro-Hungarian army Jiří Hutečka 121 vi Contents Part III Non-combatants Introduction to Part III Jane Potter 139 11 Khvosty, meshochniki and ‘internal Germans’: The transformation of everyday life language in Russia during the First World War Iaroslav Golubinov 141 12 ‘Berlitz Krieg’: The development of a modern language pedagogy at Ruhleben civilian internment camp Jamie Calladine 152 13 Translating charity for allied aliens: Belgian charity books in Britain Christophe Declercq 166 Part IV Post-war Introduction to Part IV Marguerite Helmers 183 14 Tracing the afterlife of war words in Australia, 1919–29 Amanda Laugesen and Véronique Duché 186 15 The language of battlefield guidebooks, 1919–25 Mark Connelly 198 16 The Mint by 352087 A/C Ross Jonathon Green 205 17 When words kill: Armenians, Jews and the nature of genocidal discourse Fabian Van Samang 213 18 Creating the international mind: The language of internationalism and the battle for global public opinion (1912–38) Steve Witt 226 Conclusion: Up the line with the best of luck Julian Walker and Christophe Declercq 239 Index 249 Illustrations Figures 2.1 Russian soldiers in France in 1917 21 4.1 Internacia Bulteno was an Esperanto-language periodical published in Berlin between November 1914 and January 1919, which reported on the war from the official perspective of the German government and was sent internationally free of charge 51 4.2 Postcard sent to an Italian POW at Theresienstadt, December 1917 52 10.1 ‘I am in good health and doing well.’ A military-issue postcard in nine languages of the monarchy, given to Austro-Hungarian soldiers when all other forms of correspondence were banned for operational reasons (Military History Institute, Prague) 124 10.2 A postcard by ‘Emil’ sent on 1 April 1915. ‘Easter Wishes from the Carpathians’ in German is supplemented by the sender’s additional ‘Happy Easter’ inscription in Czech (Museum of Eastern Bohemia, Hradec Králové) 128 10.3 Officers and NCOs of the 3rd Marschkompanie (Replacement Company) of the infamous k.u.k. Infantry Regiment 28 from Prague posing for a group photo. The unit was dishonoured and disbanded in the spring of 1915, with only one battalion being kept intact and relocated to Hungary, and then Styria and later deployed with great success in Italy. Notwithstanding, in a statement of esprit de corps, these men proudly showcase both their unit’s title and its regimental language (Czech) on a placard with a telling and highly ironic inscription: ‘20 July 1917, k. u. k. Infantry Rgt. 28 in Bruck an der Mur, 3rd Marschkompanie of the “Children of Prague”. Appreciate them now as they won’t last!’ (Military History Institute, Prague) 132 Tables 13.1 Overview of the main gift books for charity that involved distress relief for Belgian refugees in Britain (based on Declercq 2015: 272) 170 17.1 Mein Kampf as an explanatory model (° = meets criterion, - = doesn’t meet criterion) 216 17.2 The term ‘Armenia(n)’ in bibliographic reference books (1854–2005) 220 Contributors Javier Alcalde holds a PhD in Social and Political Sciences from the European University Institute, Florence. He teaches at Universitat Oberta de Catalunya and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. His latest publications are ‘Comparative language policy’, in F. Grin et al. (ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning; ‘A special relationship: the Esperanto movement and pacifism in Zamenhof’s time’ in V. Beckmann and L.R. Feierstein (Ed.) Language as Hope. L. L. Zamenhof and the Dream of a Cosmopolitan Wor(l)d, Hentrich & Hentrich; ‘Pacifism’ and ‘Esperanto’ in D.A. Snow et al. (ed.) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements; ‘Esperanto’ in M. Musto and B. Amini (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Marx’s Capital: A Global History of Translation. Stefano Bannò is a PhD student in Cognitive Science at the University of Trento and Fondazione Bruno Kessler with a project on automatic scoring of spoken language proficiency. He is also a musician and a teacher of Italian and History in a high school of his home town. His research interests span from dialectology and sociolinguistics to phonetics and natural language processing. Hillary Briffa holds a doctorate in War Studies from King’s College London, asking whether small states can have a Grand Strategy. She is a teaching fellow at the Royal College of Defence Studies (Belgravia) and the Joint Services Command and Staff College (Swindon), both part of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. She also teaches at Birkbeck University of London, Queen Mary University of London and King’s College London. In 2015, she was appointed an Associate Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society, and in 2016 became a recipient of the US State Department’s inaugural Emerging Young Leaders award. Her First World War interest was sparked by research initially carried out at the University of Malta in 2013 and is ongoing as independent archival research. Extracts feature as the chapter ‘Malta in the First World War’ in Palgrave-Macmillan’s 2016 edited volume Languages and the First World War: Communicating in a Transnational War (eds Walker and Declercq). Jamie Calladine is a postgraduate researcher specializing in cultural and sporting histories of First World War internment and the early development of German football. His research into Ruhleben originated from his relation to Steve Bloomer, the former Derby County and England footballer who was interned in the camp. Jamie works within the heritage sector following the completion of a Master of Arts in Museum Studies in 2019. He is the founder and trustee of Rams Heritage Trust, a charitable trust dedicated to the heritage of Derby County FC. His current projects include an upcoming book on the instrumental role of British migrant workers – including those interned at Ruhleben – in the early growth of football and sports in Germany. Contri butors ix Mark Connelly is Professor of Modern British History at the University of Kent. His main research and teaching interest is the First World War. He is particularly interested in the commemoration of the Great War, and is currently working on a book about battlefield tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. He also works closely with the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, and also convenes a lecture series in collaboration with the In Flanders Fields Museum, Ieper. His most recent publication is Great Battles: Ypres (with Stefan Goebel). Christophe Declercq is a senior lecturer at CenTraS, University College London, and a lecturer at KU Leuven, Brussels Campus. Christophe has been working on Belgian refugees in Britain 1914–19 for well over a decade. On the subject, he has taken part in several commemoration projects – academic as well as popular outreach – in both Britain and Belgium and worked with the BBC and VRT (Belgian television) on multiple occasions. Through his PhD subject, he has ventured into the domain of cross-cultural communication at times of conflict, either in a historic setting (including two books on languages and the First World War, co-edited with Julian Walker, Palgrave-Macmillan 2016) or in a contemporary setting. His most recent publication is Intercultural Crisis Communication: Translating, Interpreting and Languages in Local Crises (Bloomsbury 2019, with Federico Federici). He is a board member of LIND (Language Industry, DGT) and CTTT (Centre for Language, Technology and Application, KU Leuven). Véronique Duché is A.R. Chisholm Professor of French at the University of Melbourne. Her interdisciplinary research focuses on the history of the French language, literature and culture. She has published extensively on French literature, in particular fictional works published between 1525 and 1557, and edited several sixteenth-century novels. She has recently directed the first volume of the Histoire des Traductions en Langue Française. xve et xvie siècles (1470-1610) (Paris, Verdier, 2015). Another strand of interest is the language of Australian soldiers during the First World War. Iaroslav Golubinov is a historian from Samara, Russia. He has worked in Samara University, but since 2019 he has held the position of senior researcher at the Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was an author for the ‘1914-1918-online – International Encyclopedia of the First World War’, the journals Le Mouvement Social, Scando-Slavica and others. Dr Golubinov’s articles in journals and book chapters were devoted to the problems of the economic, social and cultural life of Europe and Russia during the Great War as well as issues of its commemoration currently. He prepared the chapter for this volume as part of the project 19-18-00221 funded by the Russian Science Foundation. Jonathon Green is the world’s leading lexicographer of Anglophone slang. His dictionary – updated every three months – can be found online at https://greensdictofslang .com. He has also created a number of Timelines of Slang, accessible here: http:// thetimelinesofslang .tumblr .com/. His latest book, Sounds and Furies (Little, Brown Book Group ltd.), an attempt to chart of the relationship of women to slang as recorded from the Wife of Bath to Mumsnet and beyond, appeared in 2019.
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