Multifunctional Polymeric Foams: Advancements and Innovative Approaches

219 Pages·2023·5.536 MB·English

by  George S.C., Resmi B.P. (ed.)

Multifunctional Polymeric
Foams
Polymeric foams or cellular or expanded polymers have characteristics that make
their usage possible for several industrial and household purposes. This book is
focused on the recent advancements in the synthesis of polymer foams, various
foaming methods, foaming technology, mechanical and physical properties, and the
wide variety of its applications. Divided into 11 chapters, it explains empirical mod-
els connecting the geometrical structure of foams with their properties including
structure-property relations.
This book:
• Describes functional foams, their manufacturing methods, properties, and
applications.
• Covers various blowing agents, greener methods for foaming, and their
emerging applicability.
• Illustrates comparative information regarding polymeric foams and their
recent developments with polymer nanocomposite foams.
• Includes applications in mechanical, civil, biomedical, food packaging,
electronics, health care industry, and acoustics fields.
• Reviews elastomeric foams and their nanocomposite derivatives.
This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in materials science,
mechanical engineering, and polymer science.
Emerging Materials and Technologies
Series Editor: Boris I. Kharissov
The Emerging Materials and Technologies series is devoted to highlighting publica-
tions centered on emerging advanced materials and novel technologies. Attention is
paid to those newly discovered or applied materials with potential to solve pressing
societal problems and improve quality of life, corresponding to environmental pro-
tection, medicine, communications, energy, transportation, advanced manufactur-
ing, and related areas.
The series takes into account that, under present strong demands for energy, mate-
rial, and cost savings, as well as heavy contamination problems and worldwide pan-
demic conditions, the area of emerging materials and related scalable technologies
is a highly interdisciplinary field, with the need for researchers, professionals, and
academics across the spectrum of engineering and technological disciplines. The
main objective of this book series is to attract more attention to these materials and
technologies and invite conversation among the international R&D community.
Nanotechnology Platforms for Antiviral Challenges
Fundamentals, Applications and Advances
Edited by Soney C George and Ann Rose Abraham
Carbon-Based Conductive Polymer Composites
Processing, Properties, and Applications in Flexible Strain Sensors
Dong Xiang
Nanocarbons
Preparation, Assessments, and Applications
Ashwini P. Alegaonkar and Prashant S. Alegaonkar
Emerging Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
Edited by Bhanu Pratap Singh and Kiran M. Subhedar
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/
Emerging-Materials-and-Technologies/book-series/CRCEMT
Multifunctional Polymeric
Foams
Advancements and Innovative
Approaches
Edited by
Soney C. George and Resmi B. P.
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
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CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Soney C. George and Resmi B. P.; individual chapters, the
contributors
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ISBN: 9781032111698 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032111704 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003218692 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003218692
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
Contents
Editor Biographies .................................................................................................xiii
List of Contributors ..................................................................................................xv
Preface....................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Polymeric Foams – An Introduction
Resmi B. P. and Soney C. George
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Classification .............................................................................3
1.2.1 Hardness .......................................................................4
1.2.2 Density..........................................................................4
1.2.3 Cell Structure ...............................................................4
1.2.3.1 Some Advantages and Uses of
Open-Cell Foams ..........................................5
1.2.3.2 Some Advantages and Uses of Closed
Cell Foam......................................................6
1.3 Classification Based on Type of Polymers ................................6
1.4 Blowing Agents (BAs) ...............................................................6
1.5 Process of Foaming ...................................................................8
1.5.1 Formation of Cell .........................................................9
1.5.2 Growth of Cell ..............................................................9
1.5.3 Stability of the Cell ......................................................9
1.6 Different Methods of Foaming ..................................................9
1.6.1 Chemical Foaming .....................................................10
1.6.2 Mechanical Foaming ..................................................10
1.6.3 Physical Foaming .......................................................10
1.7 Different Processing Methods .................................................10
1.8 Different Foams .......................................................................12
1.8.1 Thermoplastic Foams .................................................12
1.8.2 Thermoset Foams .......................................................12
1.8.3 Nanocellular Foams ...................................................13
1.8.4 Rubber Foams ............................................................13
1.8.5 Biofoams .....................................................................14
1.8.6 Other Porous Foams ...................................................15
1.9 Conclusion ...............................................................................15
References ..........................................................................................16
Chapter 2 Micromechanical Modelling of Foams ..............................................19
Anu Sasi, Jobin Jose, Pradeep Bhaskar, Ratheesh P.M. and
Jinu Jacob George
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................19
v
vi Contents
2.1.1 Cell Geometry of Foam ..............................................20
2.1.2 Relative Foam Density ...............................................23
2.1.3 Gas Pressure ...............................................................24
2.1.4 Properties of Polymer Material ..................................24
2.2 Modelling of Polymeric Foams ...............................................24
2.2.1 Quasi-Static Models ...................................................25
2.2.2 Open-Cell Foams and Their Applicability.................27
2.2.3 Regular Models ..........................................................28
2.2.4 Irregular Models .........................................................32
2.2.5 Closed Cell Foams and Their Applicability ...............33
2.2.6 Regular Models ..........................................................33
2.2.7 Irregular Models .........................................................35
2.3 Conclusion ...............................................................................35
References ..........................................................................................35
Chapter 3 Latex-Based Polymeric Foams – Preparation, Properties and
Applications ........................................................................................41
Leny Mathew
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................41
3.2 Manufacture of Latex Foam by Dunlop Process .....................42
3.2.1 Preparation of Latex Compound ................................42
3.2.1.1 Raw Latex ...................................................42
3.2.1.2 Foam Promoters ..........................................43
3.2.1.3 Foam Stabilisers .........................................43
3.2.1.4 Delayed Action Gelling Agents ..................43
3.2.1.5 Cure Systems ..............................................44
3.2.1.6 Fillers ..........................................................44
3.2.1.7 Flame Retardants ........................................44
3.2.2 Foaming of Compounded Latex .................................44
3.2.3 Addition of Gelling Agents ........................................46
3.2.4 Moulding of the Foam ................................................46
3.2.5 Foam Gelling ..............................................................46
3.2.6 Foam Curing ..............................................................46
3.2.7 Washing and Drying ..................................................47
3.2.8 Defects and Remedies in Foam Rubber ...................47
3.2.9 Testing and Grading of Latex Foam Rubber ..............47
3.2.10 Application of Latex Foam Rubber ............................49
3.3 Conclusion ...............................................................................49
References ..........................................................................................50
Chapter 4 Blended Polymeric Foams ..................................................................51
Tharun A. Rauf and Athira C. J.
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................51
4.2 Blowing Agents .......................................................................52
Contents vii
4.3 Different Preparations of Polymer Blend Foams ....................53
4.3.1 Basics of Foaming ......................................................53
4.3.1.1 Development of Homogenous Polymer/
Gas Mixture ................................................53
4.3.1.2 Cell Nucleation ...........................................53
Foaming of Blended PP with PBT/PTFE ...54
4.3.1.3 Cell Emergence ...........................................54
4.3.1.4 Stabilization of Cells ..................................55
4.3.1.5 Melt Blended Polymer Foams .....................55
Manufacture of PPE-co-SAN Foams .........56
4.3.1.6 Bead Foams ................................................56
Recent Developments of New
Bead Foams ................................................57
Polyester Foams ..........................................58
Biopolymer-based Foams ...........................59
Foamed Wood-Polymer Composites ..........59
Nanoporous Polymer Foams .......................59
4.4 Characterization ......................................................................60
4.4.1 Swelling Studies .........................................................60
4.4.2 CO Solubility Measurement ......................................60
2
4.4.3 SEM Measurement .....................................................60
4.4.4 DSC Measurement .....................................................60
4.4.5 Tensile and Compression Testing ...............................61
4.4.6 Morphological Characterization ................................61
4.4.7 Density Measurements ...............................................62
4.4.8 Rheological Property Testing .....................................62
4.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................62
References ..........................................................................................62
Chapter 5 Polymer Nanocomposite Foams as Metal Ion Removers ...................65
Arvil Dasgupta, Souhardya Bera, Arnab Roy, Rishov Kumar
Das and Subhasis Roy
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................66
5.2 Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams, Their Types and
Applications .............................................................................66
5.2.1 Polymeric Nanocomposite Foam ...............................67
5.2.1.1 Basic Principles in the Formation of
Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams ..............68
5.2.2 Types of Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams to
Remove Metal Ions .....................................................69
5.2.2.1 Magnetic Polyurethane Nanocomposite
Foam ...........................................................69
5.2.2.2 Carboxy-methylated Cellulose
Nanofibrils (CMCNFs) Embedded in
Polyurethane Foam .....................................69
viii Contents
5.2.2.3 Graphene Reinforced Nanocomposite
Foams ..........................................................69
5.2.2.4 Elastomeric Nanocomposite Foams ...........70
5.3 Mechanism of Removal of Metal Ions ....................................70
5.3.1 Selectivity ...................................................................70
5.3.1.1 Affinity .......................................................70
5.3.1.2 Intraparticle Diffusion Rate ........................70
5.3.1.3 Size .............................................................70
5.3.2 Adsorption Capacity ...................................................71
5.3.3 Reversibility of Adsorption ........................................71
5.3.4 Adsorption Isotherm...................................................71
5.3.4.1 Langmuir Isotherm .....................................71
5.3.4.2 Freundlich Isotherm ....................................71
5.4 Case Study for Various Metal Ions ..........................................72
5.4.1 Pb2+ Lead (II), Hg2+ Mercury (II) Ion Removal .........72
5.4.1.1 Preparation Technique ................................72
5.4.1.2 Ion Exchange Mechanism Study ................73
5.4.1.3 Kinetics Study .............................................74
5.4.2 As3+Arsenic (III) Ion Removal ...................................76
5.4.2.1 Method of Production .................................77
5.4.2.2 Adsorption Isotherm ...................................77
5.4.2.3 Adsorption Kinetics ....................................77
5.4.3 Cd2+ Cadmium (II) Ion Removal................................78
5.4.3.1 Preparation Technique ................................79
5.4.3.2 Adsorption Experiments .............................79
5.4.3.3 Regeneration of Adsorbent .........................80
5.4.3.4 Adsorption Kinetics ....................................80
5.4.3.5 Adsorption Isotherm ...................................80
5.5 Conclusive Remarks ................................................................81
References ..........................................................................................81
Chapter 6 Polymeric Nanocomposite Foams in Biomedical Engineering .........85
Vipul Agarwal
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................86
6.2 Polymer Nanocomposites ........................................................86
6.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Foams ..............................................87
6.3.1 Why 3D Nanocomposite Foams for Biomedical
Application? ................................................................88
6.3.1.1 Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposite
Foams ..........................................................88
In Situ Polyurethane Foaming Method ......88
Freeze Casting (Drying) Method (also
known as Ice Templating) ...........................89
Porogen Leaching .......................................89
Thermally Induced Phase Separation
(TIPS) .........................................................90
Contents ix
Foam Injection Molding and Mold
Opening ......................................................90
Supercritical Carbon dioxide (Sc-CO)
2
Foaming ......................................................90
Batch Foaming ............................................91
High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE) .......91
Mixed Methods ...........................................91
6.3.2.2 Characterization of Polymer
Nanocomposite Foams ................................92
Morphology ................................................92
Pore Size and Porosity ................................93
Mechanical Strength ...................................94
Electrical Properties– .................................94
6.4 Importance of Foam Properties in Biomedical Application ...95
6.4.1 Morphology ................................................................95
6.4.2 Pore Size and Porosity ................................................95
6.4.3 Mechanical Properties ................................................95
6.5 Biomedical Application of Polymeric Nanocomposite
Foams ......................................................................................95
6.5.1 Biocompatible Nanocomposite Foams
with Inorganic Fillers .................................96
6.5.2 Biocompatible Nanocomposite Foams
with Organic Fillers ..................................100
6.5.3 Biocompatible Nanocomposite Foams
for Combinatorial Bone Regeneration
and Antimicrobial Applications ...............103
6.6 Conclusion and Outlook ........................................................105
References ........................................................................................106
Chapter 7 Polymer Nanocomposite Foams and Acoustics ...............................111
Benjamin Tawiah, Charles Frimpong and Bismark Sarkodie
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................111
7.2 Polymer Nanocomposites ......................................................112
7.2.1 Polymer Nanocomposite Foams ...............................113
7.2.2 Methods of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams
Preparation ...............................................................114
7.3 Effect of Nanofillers on Polymer Nanocomposite Foams .....119
7.3.1 Parameters that Influence Foam Cell Structure .......120
7.4 Bubble Nucleation in Polymer Nanocomposite Foams .........122
7.4.1 Blowing Agents ........................................................123
7.5 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams ......................124
7.5.1 Mechanical Properties of Polymer
Nanocomposite Foams .............................................124
7.5.2 Flame Retardancy of Polymer Nanocomposite
Foams .......................................................................125
7.6 Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite Foams ......126