Multidimensional Radar Imaging

356 Pages·2019·43.738 MB·English

by  Marco Martorella (editor)

Multidimensional
Radar Imaging
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Multidimensional
Radar Imaging
Edited by
Marco Martorella
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
PublishedbySciTechPublishing,animprintofTheInstitutionofEngineeringand
Technology,London,UnitedKingdom
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©TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2020
Firstpublished2019
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Contents
Abouttheeditors xi
Foreword xiii
1 Introduction 1
MarcoMartorellaandDavidGreig
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Multidimensionalradar 4
1.2.1 Multistaticradarimagingsystems 5
1.2.2 Multichannelradarimagingsystems 6
1.2.3 Multi-polarisationradarimagingsystems 7
1.2.4 Multi-frequencyradarimagingsystems 7
1.2.5 Systemsdesignconsiderations 8
1.2.6 Concludingremarks 9
1.2.7 Bookorganisation 10
PartI Multidimensionalradarimagingalgorithms 13
2 Three-dimensionalinversesyntheticapertureradar 15
DanieleStaglianò,FedericaSalvetti,ElisaGiustiandMarcoMartorella
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Algorithmdescription 17
2.2.1 MultichannelISARsignalmodel 18
2.2.2 Systemgeometry 18
2.2.3 Receivedsignalmodelling 18
2.2.4 MultichannelCLEANalgorithm 21
2.2.5 3Dreconstructionprocessing 23
2.3 Performanceanalysis 28
2.3.1 Scatterersrealignment 28
2.3.2 Softassignment 29
2.3.3 Performanceindicators 29
2.4 Results 30
2.4.1 Simulatedresults 30
2.4.2 Experimentalresults 37
2.5 Conclusion 42
References 43
vi Multidimensionalradarimaging
3 STAP–ISAR 47
SamueleGelli,AlessioBacciandMarcoMartorella
3.1 Mathematicalbackground 47
3.1.1 MultichannelISARsignalmodel 48
3.1.2 High-resolutionimagingofnoncooperative
movingtargets 51
3.1.3 Cluttermodel 55
3.2 Space–timeadaptiveprocessingforcluttersuppression 60
3.2.1 JointSDAPISAR 61
3.2.2 JointE-SDAPISAR 68
3.3 Results 73
3.3.1 SDAP–ISARresults 73
3.3.2 E-SDAPISARresults 88
3.4 Conclusion 105
References 105
4 Wide-bandmulti-lookpassiveISAR 109
ElisaGiusti,MarcoMartorella,FabrizioBerizziandAmerigoCapria
4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Datapre-processing 111
4.2.1 Targetextraction 112
4.2.2 MergingofRDmapsandISARdataformation 115
4.3 ISARimageprocessing 119
4.3.1 ConventionalISARimaging 119
4.3.2 CS-basedISARimaging 121
4.4 Results 123
4.4.1 Cooperativetargets–WUTsystem 123
4.4.2 Non-cooperativetargets–SMARP 130
4.5 Conclusions 137
References 139
5 Radartomography 141
Hai-TanTranandLorenzoLoMonte
5.1 Introduction 141
5.1.1 Adaptability 146
5.1.2 Modularity 146
5.1.3 Gracefuldegradation 146
5.2 Tomographicimageformation 147
5.2.1 Signalmodels 147
5.2.2 Fourier-basedmethods 150
5.2.3 Matrix-basedmethods 164
5.2.4 MultistaticDoppler–radartomography 171
Contents vii
5.3 Practicalconsiderations 179
5.3.1 Considerationswithsystemgeometry 179
5.3.2 Considerationsforsignalprocessing 182
5.4 Concludingremarks 182
Appendix 184
ATheoreticalimageresolutionlimits 184
References 185
6 MultistaticPCL–SAR 189
DiegoCristallini,PhilippWojaczekandIngoWalterscheid
6.1 Introduction 189
6.2 SignalprocessingforPCL–SARbasedonDVB-T 191
6.2.1 StructureofDVB-Tsignal 192
6.2.2 ReceivedDVB-Tsignalmodel 192
6.2.3 Synchronizationandreferencesignalreconstruction 193
6.2.4 RangecompressioninPCL–SAR 196
6.2.5 Imageformation 198
6.2.6 ChallengesforairbornePCL 200
6.3 Multi-PCL–SARforimprovedrangeresolution 207
6.3.1 Rangeresolutionimprovementprinciple 207
6.3.2 Scenarioformulti-PCL–SAR 211
6.3.3 SimulationofDVB-Trangepulseresponse 212
6.3.4 Optimaltrajectoriesformulti-PCL–SAR 219
6.4 Experimentalverification 222
6.4.1 Scenariodefinition 222
6.4.2 ImageresultsofPCL–SAR 225
6.5 Conclusions 227
Acknowledgments 229
Glossary 229
References 230
7 Sparsity-drivenmultistaticISARimagereconstruction 235
StefanBrisken
7.1 Constraints 236
7.1.1 Spatialdecorrelation 236
7.1.2 Foreshorteningeffect 238
7.2 Problemformulation 238
7.3 Reconstruction 241
7.4 Asimulatedexample 244
7.5 Experimentalresults 247
7.6 Conclusion 249
References 250
viii Multidimensionalradarimaging
PartII Practicalfeasibilityandapplications 253
8 Rotorbladeparameterestimationwithmultichannelpassiveradar 255
MarcinKamilBa˛czykandJacekMisiurewicz
8.1 Introduction 255
8.1.1 Problemformulation 255
8.1.2 Methodsforhelicopterclassification 256
8.1.3 Recognitionofthepropelleraircraftorother
rotary-wingaircraft 257
8.2 Ageometricmodelofthehelicopter 257
8.2.1 Theechoofthehelicopter’sfuselage 257
8.2.2 Themainrotor 258
8.2.3 Thetailrotor 261
8.2.4 Therotorparameters 262
8.3 Amodelofthereceivedechosignal 262
8.3.1 Agenericmodeloftheechosignal 262
8.3.2 Amodelofthemainrotorbladeecho 263
8.3.3 Atailrotorbladeechomodel 268
8.4 Methodfordeterminingrotorparameters 269
8.4.1 Mainrotorparameters 271
8.4.2 Tailrotorparameters 275
8.5 Mainrotorimagingalgorithmbasedonthetarget
echospectrogram 276
8.6 Livesignalprocessingexperiment 279
8.6.1 Measurementcampaign 279
8.6.2 Datapre-processing 279
8.6.3 Results 281
8.7 Conclusionsandresultdiscussion 284
References 284
9 Multistatic3DISARimagingofmaritimetargets 287
FedericaSalvetti,ElisaGiusti,DanieleStaglianòandMarcoMartorella
9.1 Multiview3DInISARimagefusion 289
9.1.1 3Dfusion 292
9.2 Multiview3DInISARimagefusioninexperimentalscenarios 295
9.2.1 Applicationofmultiview3Dtomultitemporaldata 296
9.2.2 Applicationofmultiview3Dtomultistaticdata 304
9.2.3 Applicationofmultiview3Dtoacombinationof
multistaticandmultitemporaldata 305
9.3 Conclusion 308
References 308
Contents ix
10 Challenges of semi-cooperative bi/multistatic synthetic aperture
radar(SAR)usingCosmo-SkyMedasanilluminator 311
ClaireStevenson,MatthewNottingham,DarrenMuffandDavidBlacknell
10.1 Introduction 311
10.2 Semi-cooperativebi/multistaticdatacollection 312
10.3 Hardwareconsiderations 313
10.3.1 Analogue-to-digitalconvertors(ADCs):
bulkdelayoffset 313
10.3.2 Clockdrift 314
10.4 Semi-cooperativebistaticSARsignalprocessing 315
10.5 Effectoferrorsintransmitterposition 317
10.6 Imageformation 319
10.7 Experimentalvalidationofsemi-cooperativebistaticSARsignal
processing 321
10.8 Conclusions 322
References 323
11 LessonlearntfromNATOSET-196RTGon ‘multichannel/
multi-staticradarimagingofnon-cooperativetargets’ 325
MarcoMartorellaandDavidGreig
11.1 TheroleandimpactofNATOSET-196RTGwithinandoutside
NATO 325
11.2 ProgressmadebyNATOSET-196withinmultidimensionalradar
imaging 326
11.3 Lessonlearntandopenissues 328
11.4 Thewayaheadformultidimensionalradarimagingsystems 328
11.4.1 Towards affordable multidimensional radar imaging
systems 329
11.4.2 Clustersandswarms 330
Index 333