Multiculturalism, Identity and Difference: Experiences of Culture Contact

358 Pages·2016·6.298 MB·English

by  Elke Murdock (auth.)

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Multiculturalism, Identity Y

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Elke Murdock
Palgrave Politics of Identity
and Citizenship Series
Th e politics of identity and citizenship has assumed increasing impor-
tance as our polities have become signifi cantly more culturally, ethnically
and religiously diverse. Diff erent types of scholars, including philoso-
phers, sociologists, political scientists and historians make contributions
to this fi eld and this series showcases a variety of innovative contributions
to it. Focusing on a range of diff erent countries, and utilizing the insights
of diff erent disciplines, the series helps to illuminate an increasingly con-
troversial area of research and titles in it will be of interest to a number of
audiences including scholars, students and other interested individuals.
More information about this series at
http://www.springer.com/series/14670
Elke   Murdock
Multiculturalism,
Identity and
Difference
Experiences of Culture Contact
Elke   Murdock
University of Luxembourg
Esch-sur-Alzette , Luxembourg
Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship Series
ISBN 978-1-137-59678-9 ISBN 978-1-137-59679-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59679-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016953778
© Th e Editor(s) (if applicable) and Th e Author(s) 2016
Th e author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identifi ed as the author(s) of this work in accordance
with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988.
Th is work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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Th e use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Th e publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
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Cover illustration: © Antoni Bastien / Alamy Stock Photo
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Th e registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London.
Acknowledgements
I want to express my gratitude to all who have made this book project
possible. Th e research presented in this book was supported by a grant
from the Fonds National de la Recherche, Luxembourg. I would like to
express a special thank you to my academic supervisor, Prof. D. Ferring.
He was open to my research proposal from the start and guided me
through the various stages of the project with great insights, critical ques-
tioning and continuous support. I would also like to express my heartfelt
gratitude to the late Prof. P. Weinreich whose work on identity construal
processes greatly infl uenced the early stages of my research. In the later
stages I critically benefi ted from Prof. J. Valsiner’s and Prof. M. Barrett’s
vast knowledge, expertise and energy. I am lucky enough to work in the
intellectually stimulating, constructive and supportive Research Unit
INSIDE at the University of Luxembourg. Th is book would not be pos-
sible without the continuous support of my colleagues at INSIDE.
In terms of the support I received when conducting my fi eld
research, I would like to thank the Directors of the European Schools
of Luxembourg for their openness towards my proposal and giving
permission to conduct research projects within this multilingual and
multicultural European school context. Special thanks also go to Mme
A. Agustsson and Mme M. Jacobs at the Communications Department
of the Ville de Luxembourg for their exceptional support. Th ank you also
to Mme A. Reitz of the Family of Man Exhibition and Mme E. Bossi
v
vi Acknowledgements
of the Luxembourg Government Press and Information Offi ce for their
instant help concerning copyrights for images. Th ank you also to the
Dalai Lama’s offi ce for their prompt and positive reply.
I also off er special thanks to Harriet Barker and Amelia Derkatsch,
the editors at Palgrave Macmillan, for their support, professionalism and
effi ciency throughout the stages of the publication process. I would also
like to thank the anonymous reviewer for the helpful comments on the
manuscript.
F inally, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my family for
their interest in my work and their continuous support. My children,
Philip and Anna, have also helped in a very practical way as they have
quite often pre- tested questionnaires aimed at their age group. Th ankfully,
they don’t hold back with critical comments. A special thank you goes to
them for their considered insights.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
International Scope 1
Outline 3
References 9
2 Luxembourg—In a Multicultural Context 13
Introduction 13
Luxembourg—A Brief History 14
Th e Early Origins and the Period of Expansion 15
Period of Division 16
Th e Road to Independence 19
Development of a National Identifi cation 20
“Discovery” of History 21
Th e Myth of Foreign Domination (F remdherrschaft ) 21
“Discovery” of a National Sentiment 22
Th e Role of Language(S) in the Process
of Nation-Building 24
National Symbols 28
Interim Conclusion 30
vii
viii Contents
Migration Waves in Luxembourg 31
Emigration in the Nineteenth Century 31
Immigration Waves 32
Summary Immigration Waves 40
Luxembourg’s Demographic Profi le 41
Conclusion—Migration and Demographic Change 45
Current (Re) Search for the Luxembourg Identity 49
Luxembourg Identity—Subject of Academic Study 50
Luxembourg Identity in the Arts and Culture 52
Luxembourg Identity—Th e Corporate Brand 53
Emerging Th emes 55
Size 55
Wat sin mir? 57
Language: Lëtzebuergesch (eis Sprooch)
and Multilingualism 58
References 59
3 Multiculturalism in Context 65
Introduction 65
Globalization 66
Lay Perceptions of Globalization 67
Quantifi cation of Migration Flows 70
Migration Types 71
Migration Flows in Europe 73
Interim Summary 75
Acculturation 75
Historical Roots of the Concept
of Acculturation 75
Taxonomy of Acculturation Variables 77
Criticism of the Fourfold Model 87
Th e Meaning of Integration 91
Concluding Remarks 92
Multiculturalism 93
Introduction 93
Th e Origins of Multiculturalism 95
“Misleading Model” of Multiculturalism 97
Contents ix
Critical Observations Regarding the Concept
of Multiculturalism 100
Variability of Multiculturalism 104
Th e Concept of Shared Citizenship 122
Concluding Remarks 126
Appendix 1: Immigrant multiculturalism policy scores,
1980–2010 128
References 128
4 Th e Individual in a Multicultural Context 137
Introduction 137
Phylogenetic Insights—Persistence of Ethnicity 138
Th e Long Path to Anthropogenesis 138
Revolutions in the Evolution 140
Acquisition of Key Competencies on the Path
to Anthropogenesis 142
From Instinct to Society 145
Human Motivation 146
Evolution and Human Motivation 147
Human Core Motives 148
Aspects of Identity 153
Identity Structure Analysis (ISA) 154
Cognitive-Experiential Th eory 155
Aspects of Self and Cultural Variation 157
Relationship between Personal, Dyadic
and Collective Self 163
Salience of National Identity as a Function of Context 164
Th e Distinctiveness Postulate 166
Modifi cations of the Original Study 167
Description of the Schools 169
Method 170
Results 172
Discussion 177
Conclusion 180
Concluding Remarks 181
References 182