Multicasting on the Internet and its Applications

421 Pages·1998·12.71 MB·English

by  Sanjoy Paul Ph.D. (auth.)

MULT ICASTING
ON THE INTERNET
ANO ITS
APPLICATIONS
MULT ICASTING
ON THE INTERNET
ANO ITS
APPLICATIONS
Sanjoy Paul, Ph.D.
BeII Laboratories
Holmdel, NJ, USA
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available
from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4613-7616-3 ISBN 978-1-4615-5713-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5713-5
Copyright © 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1998
AII rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission ofthe publisher,
Springer-Science+Business Media, LLC.
Printed on acid-free pap er.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to
My Family
Contents
List of Figures XIX
List of Tables XXV
Preface XXVll
I Introduction to Multicast 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Why multicasting? ...... . 3
1.2 Outline and scope of the book. 5
1.3 Target audience . . . . . . 8
2 Multicasting Fundamentals 9
2.1 Applications of Multicast 9
2.2 Ethernet Multicast .... 11
2.3 IP multicast using Ethernet broadcast / multicast 13
2.4 Internet Group Management Protocol 16
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
II Network Layer Multicast 19
3 Multicast Routing Algorithms 21
3.1 Shortest Path Tree algorithms. 21
3.2 Minimum Cost Tree algorithms 24
3.3 Constrained Tree algorithms .. 27
3.4 Multicast routing protocols in practice 27
3.5 Summary ................. 28
4 IP Multicast 29
4.1 Reverse Path Forwarding ....... 29
4.2 Internet Group Management Protocol 31
4.3 Truncated Broadcasting ........ 32
4.4 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) 34
4.5 Summary · ......................... 35
5 Multicast Extensions to Open Shortest Path First (MO-
SPF) 39
5.1 High-level Description 39
5.2 Architecture ...... 40
5.2.1 Design Goals 41
5.2.2 Protocol Data Structures 41
5.3 Protocol. 44
5.4 Summary · ............ 52
6 Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) 53
6.1 High-Level Description 53
6.2 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.1 Design Goals: ........ 54
6.2.2 Components and Functions 55
6.3 Protocol ............... 57
6.3.1 Creating the PIM framework 58
6.3.2 Creating a specific multicast tree for a group 59
6.3.3 Multicast data forwarding . . . . . . 64
6.3.4 Operation in a multi-access network 65
6.3.5 List of PIM messages 68
6.3.6 A complete example 69
6.4 Summary · ...... 69
7 Core-Based Tree (CBT) 73
7.1 High-level Description 73
7.2 Architecture . . . . . . 74
7.2.1 Design Goals: . 74
7.2.2 Components and Functions 75
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7.3 Protocol .................. . 78
7.3.1 Building a Core-Based Tree (CBT) 78
7.3.2 Data packet Forwarding: . 85
7.3.3 A complete example 87
7.4 Summary ............ . 87
8 Ordered Core Based Tree (OCBT) 89
8.1 High-level Description 89
8.2 Architecture............. 90
8.3 Protocol............... 90
8.3.1 Multicast tree construction 90
8.3.2 Data Flow. 95
8.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9 Hierarchical DVMRP (H-DVMRP) 103
9.1 High-level Description 103
9.2 Architecture.............. 104
9.3 Protocol................ 104
9.3.1 Multicast routing in the originating region. 105
9.3.2 Multicast routing between the regions . . . 106
9.3.3 Multicast routing in the destination region 108
9.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
10 Hierarchical PIM (HPIM) 111
10.1 High-level Description 111
10.2 Architecture. . . . . . . 112
10.3 Protocol . . . . . . . . . 112
10.3.1 Joining a group. 112
10.3.2 Sending to a group 114
10.3.3 Looping of Register Messages 115
10.3.4 Looping of Join Messages . . 116
10.3.5 Pruning of RPs . . . . . . . . 116
10.3.6 Shortcutting sub-optimally placed RPs . 116
10.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
IX
11 Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP) 119
11.1 High-level Description 119
11.2 BGMP Architecture ............ . 120
11.3 BGMP Protocol .............. . 121
11.3.1 Building a hi-directional BGMP tree 122
11.3.2 Attaching a source-specific hranch 124
11.4 Summary .................. . 127
12 Multicast Backbone of the Internet (MBone) 129
12.1 Introduction ............. . 129
12.2 Technological foundation of MBone . 130
12.3 Topology of the MBone .. 133
12.4 Traffic level on the MBone ... . 134
12.5 Map of MBone ......... . 134
12.6 Multimedia tools for the MBone 135
12.7 Summary ............ . 136
13 Programming with IP Multicast 139
13.1 Introduction ........... . 139
13.2 Steps to he followed for IP multicasting 140
13.3 Actual code for IP multicasting 140
13.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
III Quality of Service 145
14 Integrated Services in the Internet and RSVP 147
14.1 Introduction ........ . 147
14.2 Integrated Service Classes .. . 148
14.2.1 Guaranteed Service .. . 148
14.2.2 Controlled Load Service 153
14.3 ReSource reserVation Protocol (RSVP) 156
14.3.1 Reservation Model .. 157
14.3.2 Reservation Styles .... 158
14.3.3 RSVP Message Types .. 158
14.3.4 Typical RSVP operation. 161
14.4 Examples 162
14.5 Summary ............ . 165
x
15 Internet Stream Protocol - ST2 171
15.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . 171
15.2 ST2 and the Internet Protocol Stack 171
15.3 Key Concepts . . . . . 172
15.3.1 Stream 172
15.3.2 Data Transfer. 173
15.3.3 Flowspec and stream set-up 174
15.4 Interaction between an application and an ST-agent 176
15.5 ST2 data transfer protocol (ST). . . . . . . . . . . . 177
15.6 SCMP, Resource Reservation and Multicast Routing 178
15.6.1 Types of stream 178
15.6.2 Stream set-up. . . . . . . . . . . . 178
15.7 Flow specification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
15.8 Example showing a stream set-up in ST2 183
15.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
IV Transport-layer issues 191
16 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 193
16.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
16.2 RTP in the Internet Protocol stack 194
16.3 RTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
16.3.1 RTP entities ........ 195
16.3.2 RTP functionalities. . . . . 196
16.3.3 Benefits derived from RTP 197
16.4 RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) 198
16.4.1 RTCP functions ...... 198
16.4.2 RTCP packet types 199
16.4.3 RTCP announcement interval computation 200
16.5 summary ............. . 201
17 Scalable Reliable Multicast (SRM) 203
17.1 Overview .... 203
17.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
17.3 Key Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . 205
17.4 Extensions to the basic approach: adaptive mechanism. 209
17.5 summary .......................... 211
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18 Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (RMTP) 213
18.1 Overview ........ 213
18.2 Features . . . . . . . . . 215
18.3 Basic protocol operation 216
18.4 Summary . . . . . . . . 221
19 Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol (RAMP) 223
19.1 Overview ................ 223
19.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
19.3 Modes of operation for RAMP sender 224
19.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
20 Reliable Multicast Protocol (RMP) 229
20.1 Overview ...... 229
20.2 Features . . . . . . . 230
20.3 Modes of Operation 231
20.4 Basic operation . . . 233
20.5 Details . . . . . . . . 236
20.5.1 Packet types 236
20.5.2 Data Structures. 237
20.5.3 Algorithms 238
20.6 Summary . . . . . . . . 243
21 Pros and cons of Reliable Multicast Protocols 245
21.1 Introduction. . . . 245
21.2 Example topology 245
21.3 RAMP . 246
21.4 SRM . . 247
21.5 RMP . . 248
21.6 RMTP . 249
21. 7 Summary 249
22 Various Reliable Multicast Protocols 255
22.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . 255
22.2 Cycle-based Protocols . . . . 255
22.3 Unicast-emulation Protocols. 256
22.4 Tree-based Protocols . . . . . 256
22.5 Group-communication Protocols 257
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