Multiband Integrated Antennas for 4G Terminals

337 Pages·2016·10.74 MB·English

by  coll.

Multiband Integrated Antennas
for 4G Terminals
For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House
Antennas and Propagation Series, turn to the back of this book.
Multiband Integrated Antennas
for 4G Terminals
David A. Sánchez-Hernández
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena
Editor
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-331-6
Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner
© 2008 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to Matthew Steven, Daniel William, Katherine Mary,
Gregory Reginald, Harriet, George, Isobel, Weiwei, Jowita Magdalena,
Paulina Elzbieta, Jaroslaw Wojciech, Miguel, Lucía, Mario, Bruno, Irene,
Marina, Emil, Søren, Mille, Lærke, Lykke and Liv, our current breed, and
to Mary Caroline, Sarah, Shan Yan, Elzbieta, Ángel, José, José Manuel,
Marien, Sylvia, Marina, Henriette and Ane, our mates. All of them had to
spend less time with us so that we could write this book, and still remain
unpaid for that.

Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1
Electrically Small Multiband Antennas 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Definition of Electrically Small 2
1.3 Fundamental Antenna Properties Definitions 3
1.3.1 Impedance, Efficiency, VSWR, and Gain 3
1.3.2 Bandwidth and Quality Factor (Q) 6
1.4 Fundamental Limits of Small Antennas 10
1.5 Special Considerations for Integrated Multiband Antennas 12
1.6 Fundamental Approaches to Small Integrated Antenna Design 16
1.6.1 The Monopole Antenna 16
1.6.2 The Inverted-L Antenna 17
1.6.3 The Inverted-F and Planar Inverted-F Antennas 18
1.7 Finite Ground Plane Effects on Small Antenna Performance 22
References 30
CHAPTER 2
Multiband Multisystem Antennas in Handsets 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.1.1 Frequencies and Systems 33
2.1.2 Typical Specifications 36
2.2 Multiband Techniques 36
2.2.1 Radiating and Balanced Mode Theory 37
2.2.2 Analysis of PIFA Slots 41
2.2.3 Analysis of PIFA Shorting Pins 43
2.3 Multisystem Techniques 45
References 52
vii
viii Contents
CHAPTER 3
Multiband Planar Wire Antennas 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Multiband Planar Monopole Antennas 59
3.2.1 Microstrip-Fed Dual-Band Monopole Antenna 60
3.2.2 CPW-Fed Dual-Band Monopole Antenna 60
3.2.3 Meandered CPW-Fed Multiband Monopole Antenna 62
3.3 Inverted-L Multiband Antennas 63
3.3.1 Modified Double Inverted-L Antenna for Multiband Operation 63
3.3.2 Inverted-L Antenna with a Parasitic Element for Dual-Band Operation 67
3.4 Inverted-F Antennas for Dual-Band Operation 68
3.4.1 Spiraled Inverted-F Antenna for Dual-Band Operation 68
3.4.2 Coupling Dual-Band Inverted-F Antenna 71
3.4.3 Inverted-FL Antennas with a Parasitic Inverted-L Element
for Bandwidth Enhancement 74
3.5 T-Shaped Antennas for Multiband Operation 75
3.5.1 Single T-Shaped Antenna for Multiband Operation 75
3.5.2 Double T-Shaped Antenna for Dual-Band Operation 77
3.5.3 T-Shaped Antenna with a Parasitic Inverted-L Element
for Bandwidth Improvement 78
3.6 Meandered Multiband Antennas 79
3.6.1 A Nonuniform Meandered Antenna with a Forked Ground Plane
for Multiband Operation 80
3.6.2 A Compact Multiband Meandered Planar Antenna 82
3.7 M-Shaped Planar Monopole for Multiband Operation 83
3.8 Two-Strip Planar Antennas for Broadband and Multiband Operation 85
3.8.1 Broadband Two-Strip Antenna 85
3.8.2 Broadband/Dual-Frequency Two-Strip Antenna 89
3.9 Conclusions 92
References 93
CHAPTER 4
Printed Multiband Fractal Antennas 95
4.1 Introduction 95
4.1.1 Brief Background on Fractal Geometry 95
4.1.2 Fractals in Nature 97
4.1.3 Prefractals: Truncating a Fractal to Useable Complexity 99
4.1.4 How Fractals Can Be Used as Antennas and Why Fractals Are
Space-Filling Geometries 100
4.1.5 The Fractal Dimensions of Box Counting, Hausdorff, and Similarity 101
4.2 Fractals Defined by Transformations—Self-Similar and Self-Affine Sets 109
4.2.1 Iterated Function Schemes: The Language of Fractals 109
4.2.2 Self-Affine Sets 112
Contents ix
4.3 Deterministic Fractals as Antennas 113
4.3.1 Fractals as Wire Antenna Elements 114
4.3.2 Fractal Patch Elements 125
4.3.3 Circularly Polarized Microstrip Fractal Antennas 138
4.4 Fractal Arrays and Fractal Volume Antennas 141
4.4.1 Multiband Fractal Arrays 143
4.5 Conclusions 147
References 147
CHAPTER 5
Miniaturized Integrated Multiband Antennas 151
5.1 Design Considerations for Integrated Multiband Handset Antennas 151
5.1.1 Hearing Aid Compatible Handsets 152
5.2 Effect of the Terminal on the Antenna Behavior 153
5.2.1 Effect of the Size of the Chassis 153
5.2.2 Effect of the Handset Components 157
5.3 Modal Analysis 164
5.3.1 The Theory of Characteristic Modes 165
5.3.2 Practical Applications 172
Acknowledgments 182
References 229
CHAPTER 6
Multiband Handset Antennas for MIMO Systems 187
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 Design Considerations for MIMO Systems 188
6.2.1 Diversity Techniques 190
6.2.2 Volume Constraints: The MIMO Cube 198
6.3 MIMO Techniques in a Handset 198
6.3.1 Effect of Antenna Efficiency 199
6.3.2 Effect of User Presence 212
6.3.3 Effect of Antenna Correlation 219
6.4 Combined Diversity Techniques for Optimum Handset MIMO Performance 223
CHAPTER 7
Communication Performance of Mobile Devices 235
7.1 Introduction 235
7.2 Antenna Efficiency 241
7.2.1 Radiation Efficiency 242
7.2.2 How to Obtain the Antenna Efficiency 242
7.2.3 Conductive Cable Problem 243
7.2.4 Total Radiated Power and Total Isotropic Sensitivity 246
7.3 User Influence 247