multi aerobic training programmes on bone density and selected physiological parameters in

101 Pages·2014·1.6 MB·English

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT IMPACT - MULTI AEROBIC TRAINING
PROGRAMMES ON BONE DENSITY AND SELECTED
PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN YOUNG
HEALTHY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

A Thesis submitted to the Pondicherry University in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for Award of the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Submitted by
Mr PRAMOD K. G.

Under the Guidance of
Dr M. ELAYARAJA
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
PUDUCHERRY 605 014
INDIA
OCTOBER 2014
APPROVED BY_______________________________________

Signature of the Supervisor
(M. ELAYARAJA)
Dr M. ELAYARAJA, M.P.E.S., M.Phil., Ph.D.,
Associate Professor
Department of Physical Education and Sports
Pondicherry University
Puducherry – 605014

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “EFFECT OF
DIFFERENT IMPACT - MULTI AEROBIC TRAINING PROGRAMMES
ON BONE DENSITY AND SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS IN YOUNG HEALTHY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS”
submitted by Mr PRAMOD K.G. is a record of original and independent work
(except where acknowledgements indicate otherwise) done by the candidate
during the period of study under my supervision and guidance. This thesis has not
formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship and
fellowship or any other similar title of any university or institution.

(M. ELAYARAJA)
Research Supervisor
Place: Puducherry
Date:
Mr PRAMOD K.G.
Ph.D. Research Scholar,
Department of Physical Education and Sports,
Pondicherry University,
Puducherry - 605 014

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis entitled, “EFFECT OF DIFFERENT
IMPACT - MULTI AEROBIC TRAINING PROGRAMMES ON BONE
DENSITY AND SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN
YOUNG HEALTHY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS” being submitted to the
Pondicherry University, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Education in the Department of
Physical Education and Sports, Pondicherry University, is a bonafide work done
by me under the guidance of Dr M. ELAYARAJA, Associate Professor,
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Pondicherry University and that it
has not previously formed on the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma,
Fellowship or any other similar title of any candidate of any University or
Institution.

(PRAMOD K.G.)
Place: Puducherry
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Investigator expresses her sincere and heartfelt thanks to her most
honored and learned guide Dr M. ELAYARAJA, Associate Professor,
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Pondicherry University,
Puducherry for her valuable guidance, and encouragement for the successful
completion of this study.

I express my sincere thanks to the doctoral committee members
Dr D. Sultana, Professor and Head, Department of Physical Education and
Sports and Dr K. Srinivasamoorthy, Associate Professor, Department of
Earth Science, Pondicherry University, Puducherry for their encouragement
and suggestion made throughout the study.

I express my sincere thanks to all the TEACHING AND NON
TEACHING MEMBERS from the Department of Physical Education and
Sports, Pondicherry University, for their co-operation and assistance.

I express my sincere thanks to all the STUDENTS FROM
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY, who participated in the present study for
their presence and co-operation.

My family members are the sources of inspiration for all my academic
achievement for whom I have no words to acknowledge my indebtedness.

I express my sincere and whole hearted thanks to Dr Aruna Raj A
and my friends, classmates and hostel mates, who assisted me for successful
completion of this work.

(PRAMOD K.G.)
VITA

Name : Pramod K.G.
Date of Birth : 13/04/84
Place of Birth : Ernakulam
Sex : Male
Father’s Name : T.Gopi
Mother’s Name : M.Santhamma
Nationality : Indian

DEGREES AWARDED
 Cleared UGC-NET on June 2012.
 Master of Philosophy in Physical Education (M.Phil.) from Pondicherry
University, Pondicherry, 2009 - 2010 (75.60% Marks).
 Master of Physical Education (M.P.E.), from Lakshmibai National College
of Physical Education, University of Kerala, 2007-2009 (56.69% Marks).
 Bachelor of Physical Education (M.P.E), from Lakshmibai National
College of Physical Education, University of Kerala, 2004-2007 (55.09%
Marks).
 AISSCE (10+2) Commerce with Mathematics, from Kendriya Vidyalaya
Ernakulam, Kadavanthra, Ernakulam, Kerala, 2004 (63.4% Marks).
 AISSE (10th) from Kendriya Vidyalaya Ernakulam, Kadavanthra,
Ernakulam, Kerala, 2002 (52% Marks).
 Health and Fitness Management, NSNIS 6 Weeks Certificate Course
completed on 2009 June from Lakshmibai National College of Physical
Education Trivandrum (70% Marks).
 Event Management Post Graduate Diploma, Pondicherry University,
August 2009-May 2010 Department of Tourism Studies, Puducherry
(58.9% Marks).
 Computer Application Post Graduate Diploma, Pondicherry University,
August 2011-May 2012 Department of Computer Science, Puducherry
(77.375% Marks).

LIST OF PUBLICATION
Number of International Journal Publication: 4
Number of International Publication in Proceeding: 1
Number of National Publication in Proceeding: 3
Number of Work shop Attended: 11
Number of Seminar Attended: 6
CHAPTER I
IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Any honest attempt to study a problem systematically or to
add to man’s knowledge of a problem may be regarded as research.
(Theodorson and Theodorson 1969, cited in Reber 1995, p.663)

The aim, as far as I can see, is the same in all sciences. Put simply and
cursorily, the aim is to make known something previously unknown
to human beings. It is to advance human knowledge, to make
it more certain or better fitting . . . the aim is, as I have
said, discovery.(Elias 1986, p.20)

“Only he who can see the invisible can do the impossible.”
– Frank L. Gaines

In the earliest part of life, the encircling atmosphere, which can be mirrored in
birth weight, plays a task in modifying the genetic influence on bone. Later in
life, the individuals’ own selections will have an effect on the longer term
outcome of osteoporosis and later fracture. Physical inactivity encompasses a
damaging influence on bone mass and should already in early years considerably
impair peak bone mass, that is a very important issue for future osteoporosis.
Additionally, long smoking in older populations is related to weakened bone
mass and better hip fracture incidence (Bell, 1827).
Physical activity may play a really vital part in increasing bone mass
throughout childhood and may have sturdy benefits on bone health. As a results
of ultimate bone mass is assumed to be reached by the earliest by thirties. The
early adult years may even be the last word likelihood for its augmentation
(Kohrt, 2004). Regular physical activity collectively has positive effects on
muscle power, joint movements, nervous systems and vessel respiration
(Ignasiak, 2009).
Regular exercise that affects numerous functions and subsystems of the
human body is helpful throughout life. There’s growing proof that exercise
prevents a minimum of a number of the negative consequences of biological time
bone loss, exaggerated risk of coronary cardiopathy, or chronic diseases
(Burghardt, 1999). It’s identified that regular exercise notably walking will bog
down osteoporosis and preserve bony design within the body (Nelson, 1999).
Physical activity allows individuals to measure healthier and to feel
themselves physically and psychologically higher. Physical activity is that the
main issue to be healthy. Regular and moderate physical activity will increase
bone density and allows the expansion of skeleton muscles in later years. Lack
of standard and enough physical activity may be a vital drawback in several
countries. Therefore, increasing the active life vogue is a very important element
of national and international public health propositions (Ruchan, 2011).
To reduce the danger of experiencing an osteoporotic fragility fracture,
many measures exist that embrace pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis,
nutrition, modification of environmental factors, fall hindrance and totally
different behavioral changes like physical exercise (Karlsson, 2005).
Exercise is most vital for each living being without which ends up in many
styles of diseases mainly Cardio-vascular diseases. Regular exercise not solely
retains our body work however it additionally helps in maintaining the mind
contemporary for period amount of time. Minds won't feel tired if the people
have a tendency to do the systematic trainings. The human body is been well
adapted for their daily routine with an enough of blood circulatory system.
Training will forestall chronic illnesses and alternative wellness issues associated
with cardio respiratory system. The muscle mass will develop and therefore a
controlled weight will be gain. (Narayani, & Sudhan, 2010).
Introduction to Aerobic
Aerobic exercise is any activity that stimulates pulse and respiration to extend
over a couple of minutes. Aerobic suggests that with oxygen and anaerobic