Muhammad: Rereading Historical Sources PDF
Preview Muhammad: Rereading Historical Sources
Muhammad Rereading Historical Sources Edited by Mohammadreza al-Khaghani ICSS Press, 2023 II Muhammad: Rereading Historical Sources ___________________________________________________________________________ Contents III ____________________________________________________________________ IV Muhammad: Rereading Historical Sources ___________________________________________________________________________ Al-Abbas (a) Holy Shrine © ICSS Press, 2023 Editor-in-Chief Sayyid Hashim al-Milani Editorial Board Mohammadreza al-Khaghani Sayyid Mohsen Mousavi (general editor) Hamed Fayazi (general editor) Translators Yasser Pouresmaeil Morteza Karimi Muhammad-Reza Fakhr-Rohani Tahir R. Jaffer Heba Nasser ICSS, Qom Branch ICSS, Main Branch ICSS, Beirut Branch Moallem St Al-Barīd St Airport Road Qom, Iran Najaf, Iraq Lebanon, Beirut Printed in Iraq iicss.iq Cover Image: the square Kufic inscription of Pīr-i Bakrān, incorporating the names of the Fourteen Infallibles (a), reworked by Shiiarts.com Contents I ____________________________________________________________________ CCoonntetenntst s Illustrations ........................................................................................................... VII Foreword ................................................................................................................ IX Introduction .......................................................................................................... XII A Glance at the Historical Background of the Prophet’s Biography ...................... XII Features of the Book ...................................................................................................... XV I. Biography of the Prophet (s), by Mohammadreza al-Khaghani........................ 1 The Arabian Peninsula before the Prophet (s) .......................................................... 3 The Geography of the Peninsula ..................................................................................... 3 The Geography of Hijaz .................................................................................................... 6 The Cities of Hijaz ............................................................................................................. 7 Mecca .............................................................................................................................. 7 Yathrib (Medina) ......................................................................................................... 10 Al-Ṭāʾif ......................................................................................................................... 11 Khaybar ........................................................................................................................ 11 The Socio-Cultural Context of Hijaz ............................................................................. 12 Tribal Life ..................................................................................................................... 12 Culture and Knowledge............................................................................................. 15 Economy in Hijaz ............................................................................................................ 17 Faiths in Hijaz .................................................................................................................. 18 The Ḥanīf Religion ...................................................................................................... 18 II Muhammad: Rereading Historical Sources ___________________________________________________________________________ Idolatry (Polytheism) ................................................................................................. 21 Judaism ........................................................................................................................ 23 Christianity .................................................................................................................. 24 The Social Status of the Family of the Prophet Muḥammad at Mecca ..................... 27 From Birth to Prophethood ..................................................................................... 29 Birth and Childhood ....................................................................................................... 29 The Army of the Elephant ......................................................................................... 31 Youth Years: Activities, Commerce, and Travels ........................................................ 32 Marriage with Khadīja (a) .......................................................................................... 33 The Event of Ḥilf al-Fuḍūl ........................................................................................... 34 Reconstruction of the Kaaba ...................................................................................... 35 From Biʿtha to Emigration ....................................................................................... 37 Biʿtha .................................................................................................................................. 37 A Limited-Scale Invitation (Indhār al-ʿAshīra) .............................................................. 38 The Night Journey and Ascension ................................................................................ 40 The Birth of Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ (a) ................................................................................... 42 Open Invitation to Islam and the Persecution of Muslims in Mecca ........................ 42 The Event of Abyssinia ................................................................................................... 44 The Meccan Polytheists’ Reaction ............................................................................ 45 Ḥamza’s Conversion to Islam ........................................................................................ 47 The Siege of Muslims at Shiʿb Abī Ṭālib ....................................................................... 48 The Breakdown of the Treaty .................................................................................... 49 The Year of Grief .............................................................................................................. 50 Trip to al-Ṭāʾif .................................................................................................................. 50 From Emigration to the Conquest of Mecca............................................................ 53 Inviting the Prophet (s) and the Pledges ...................................................................... 53 The First Pledge of ʿAqaba ........................................................................................ 53 The Second Pledge of ʿAqaba.................................................................................... 54 Brotherhood Contract................................................................................................. 55 Emigration of Muslims to Medina ................................................................................ 55 Dār al-Nadwa (The Plan to Assassinate the Prophet (s)) ...................................... 55 Laylat al-Mabīt and the Emigration of the Prophet (s) ............................................ 56 Quraysh in Search of the Prophet (s) ....................................................................... 57 Contents III ____________________________________________________________________ ʿAlī’s Emigration ......................................................................................................... 58 Qubāʾ Mosque ............................................................................................................. 58 Building the Prophet’s Mosque ...................................................................................... 59 Pact of Brotherhood ......................................................................................................... 60 Change of Qibla Towards Kaaba ................................................................................... 60 Badr: The First Battle ....................................................................................................... 61 Confrontation of the Two Armies ............................................................................ 64 Angels in Badr ............................................................................................................. 65 Dividing the Spoils of War ........................................................................................ 66 Treatment of the Prisoners of War............................................................................ 66 Marriage of ʿAlī (a) and Fāṭima (a) ............................................................................... 67 The Battle of Banū Qanuqāʿ ........................................................................................... 67 The Battle of Uḥud .......................................................................................................... 68 The Quraysh Army on the Way to Uḥud ................................................................ 69 The News of the Quraysh’s Measures Reaches Medina ........................................ 69 The Polytheists on the Way to Medina .................................................................... 70 Consultation with the Companions ......................................................................... 70 The Return of the Hypocrites .................................................................................... 71 The Beginning of the Battle ....................................................................................... 72 The Battle of Ḥamrāʾ al-Asad ......................................................................................... 75 The Battle of Banū al-Naḍīr ............................................................................................ 76 The Battle of Aḥzāb (Parties) or Khandaq (Trench) .................................................... 77 War Council in Medina .............................................................................................. 78 Mobilizing the Forces ................................................................................................. 79 Scattered Conflicts ...................................................................................................... 80 Crossing the Trench .................................................................................................... 80 The Challenge of ʿAmr and the Response of ʿAlī (a) ............................................. 81 Confrontation of Islam and Polytheism ................................................................... 82 Prayer of the Prophet (s) ............................................................................................ 83 Return to Medina ........................................................................................................ 85 The Conflict with Banū Qurayẓa ................................................................................... 85 Peace Treaty of Ḥudaybiyya ........................................................................................... 87 The Presence of the Hypocrites in Ḥudaybiyya ...................................................... 88 IV Muhammad: Rereading Historical Sources ___________________________________________________________________________ Prayer of Fear (Ṣalāt al-Khawf) ................................................................................ 90 Ḥudaybiyya ................................................................................................................. 90 The Text of the Peace Treaty ..................................................................................... 94 The Treaty of Ḥudaybiyya: the Greatest Victory .................................................... 96 The Results of the Peace Treaty ................................................................................ 97 Letters to Kings ................................................................................................................ 98 Letter of the Prophet (s) to Khosrow Parvīz ............................................................ 98 Letter of the Prophet (s) to Heraclius ..................................................................... 100 Letter of the Prophet (s) to Muqawqis, Governor of Alexandria........................ 101 The Event of Khaybar ................................................................................................... 101 The Return of Immigrants from Abyssinia ................................................................ 107 Battle of Muʾta ............................................................................................................... 109 From Conquest of Mecca to the Demise ............................................................... 113 The Conquest of Mecca ................................................................................................. 113 The Journey to Mecca ............................................................................................... 116 Entering Mecca .......................................................................................................... 122 The Prophet’s Ṭawāf................................................................................................. 123 The Sermon of the Prophet and the Announcement of a General Amnesty ..... 124 The Oath of the People of Mecca with the Prophet (s)......................................... 125 The Battle of Ḥunayn ..................................................................................................... 125 Mālik’s Spies .............................................................................................................. 126 The Beginning of the Battle ..................................................................................... 126 The Battle of al-Ṭāʾif ...................................................................................................... 127 The Siege of al-Ṭāʾif .................................................................................................. 128 The End of the Siege of al-Ṭāʾif ............................................................................... 130 The Event of the Closing of the Doors ........................................................................ 131 The Event of Mubāhala ................................................................................................. 131 The Battle of Tabuk ....................................................................................................... 133 An Attempted Assassination of the Prophet (s) ........................................................ 134 Ḍirār Mosque (Mosque of Harm) ................................................................................ 136 The Story of Sura al-Barāʾa ........................................................................................... 137 Ibrāhīm, the Prophet’s Son ........................................................................................... 138 Yemeni Tribes’ Conversion to Islam ........................................................................... 139 Contents V ____________________________________________________________________ Ḥajjat al-Widāʿ (Farewell Pilgrimage) ......................................................................... 141 The Minā Sermon ...................................................................................................... 142 The Story of Ghadīr ....................................................................................................... 143 Sura al-Maʿārij ........................................................................................................... 146 Expedition of Usāma ..................................................................................................... 146 Calamity of the Thursday (Raziyyat al-Khamīs) .......................................................... 147 The Prophet’s Demise ................................................................................................... 148 The Prophet’s Obsequies ......................................................................................... 149 The Saqīfa ....................................................................................................................... 151 Objections to Abū Bakr’s Caliphate........................................................................ 153 II. Articles ............................................................................................................ 157 Sources of the Sīra of the Prophet Muḥammad (s) .................................................. 159 Mohammadreza al-Khaghani Glimpses of Characteristics and Demeanor of the Prophet of Islam (s) .................. 185 ʿAllāma Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ṭabāṭabāʾī The Prophet’s Role in the Formation of Islamic Theology ...................................... 203 Sayyed Hāshim al-Mīlānī The Companions of the Prophet (s) and Their Integrity ......................................... 251 Mohammadreza al-Khaghani A History of the Prophet’s Mosque ........................................................................ 273 Mohammadreza al-Khaghani III. Select Hadiths .............................................................................................. 291 Reason ............................................................................................................................. 293 Thinking, Knowledge, and Wisdom ........................................................................... 295 Faith ................................................................................................................................. 297 This World, Worldliness, and Contentment .............................................................. 299 Making a Living and Seeking Legitimate Sustenance .............................................. 304 Good Temperament and Tolerance ............................................................................. 305 Enjoining the Decency and Forbidding the Indecency ............................................. 313 Generosity and Free-Handedness ............................................................................... 313
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