Mozambique: A War against the People PDF
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MOZAMBIQUE Mozambique A War against the People Hilary Andersson Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-1-349-22318-3 ISBN 978-1-349-22316-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-22316-9 © Hilary Andersson 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1992 All rights reserved. For infonnation, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1992 ISBN 978-0-312-08406-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Andersson, Hilary 1967- Mozambique: a war against the people / Hilary Andersson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-08406-6 1. Mozambique-Politics and government-1975- 2. RENAMO (Organization) 3. FRELIMO. I. Title. DT3398. A54 1992 967 . 905--dc20 92-8426 CW This book is dedicated to my Father who made it possible, and to both my parents, for everything Contents List of Maps and Figures Vlll Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations x Chronology Xl 1 Background - a Land of War, a Land of Hope 1 2 Frelimo - Discipline, Idealism, Pragmatism 21 3 Renamo - the 'Khmer Rouge' of Africa 46 4 Structure of the War - the Rape of a Country 76 5 Internal Dislocaton - a War against the People 94 6 Refugees in South Africa - a Forgotten People 110 7 Refugees in Malawi - the Triangle of Discontent 128 8 The Limits of Aid 145 9 Mozambique's Future - the Dressing of a Skeleton 161 Notes 174 Bibliography 183 Index 186 vii List of Maps and Figures Maps 1.1 Mozambique 3 2.1 Mozambique: Conditions of Accessibility 1990 21 5.1 Mozambique: Concentrations of Displaced People, February 1989 109 Figure 3.1 Evolution of Renamo's Insignia 73 viii Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Muhendra Sheth, 10han Viljoen, Tony and Phillipa of Care, Alex Vines and the many others who were so generous with time, material and hospitality. I am grateful too to all those who gave their time to be interviewed, particularly the refugees; and to the United Nations for the use of its maps. I would like also to thank Katharine Simpson and Thomas Case for their editorial help in the preparation of this book. IX List of Abbreviations AIM Agencia Informa9ao de Mozambique ANC African National Congress BOSS Bureau of State Security CCB Civil Co-Operation Bureau CCM Christian Council of Malawi CIO Central Intelligence Organisation DGS Dire9ao de Seguran9a (PIDE renamed DGS in 1969) GD Grupa Dinamizador ERP Economic Rehabilitation Programme FRELIMO Frente de Liberta9ao de M09ambique MNR Mozambique National Resistance; Originally Movimento Nacional de Resistencia de M09ambique, later Resistencia Nacional M09ambicana (RNM or RENAMO) NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PALMO Partido Liberal e Democratico de M09ambique PIDE Polfcia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado (Portuguese secret Police renamed DGS) OMM Organisa9ao da Mulher M09ambicana REMO Resistencia M09ambique RENAMO Resistencia Nacional M09ambicana SACC South African Council of Churches SADCC Southern African Development Co-Ordination Conference SADF South African Defence Force UNAMO Mozambique National Union UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organisation ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union x Chronology 1960 Massacre at Mueda by Portuguese 1962 25 June, Frelimo Founded; September, First Congress held 1964 September, armed struggle for independence begins 1968 July, Frelimo Second Congress 1968 Frelimo war spreads into Tete 1969/70 First Rhodesian raids into Mozambique 1970-73 Frelimo war spreads south of the Zambezi, into Manica and Sofala 1974 September, Frelimo dominates transitional government. 1975 June 25, Independence for Mozambique 1975 September, Magaia first appears 1976 March, Mozambique imposes sanctions on Rhodesia 1976 July 5, Radio station set up in Rhodesia 1977 February, Frelimo Third Congress held 1979 Renamo 'Statutes' printed 1979 December, Lancaster House Agreement 1980 April 18, Independence for Zimbabwe 1979/80 Andre Matsangaissa killed, Afonso Dhlakama becomes President of Renamo 1980 March, Renamo 'handed' fully to South Africa 1982 Renamo conference held 1983 April, Frelimo Fourth Congress held 1983/4 Renamo war spreads north 1983/4 Droughts reach their peak 1984 March 16, nKomati Accord signed 1984 October 3, Pretoria Declaration Talks 1986 October 19, Samora Machel is killed, November 6, Joaquim Chissano takes over as President 1986/7 Massive influx of Refugees to Malawi starts 1987 July, Renamo massacre at Homoine, 424 slaughtered 1987 August, Renamo massacre at Manjacaze, 92 slaughtered 1987 October, Renamo massacre at Taninga, 278 slaughtered 1987 Economic Rehabilitation Programe embarked on 1989 June, Renamo 'First' Congress held 1989 July, Frelimo Fifth Congress held 1990 December, Rome partial ceasefire agreement Xl
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