Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting: Recent Progress and Current Challenges PDF
Preview Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting: Recent Progress and Current Challenges
Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting Springer Atmospheric Sciences Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10176 Fotini Katopodes Chow • Stephan F.J. De Wekker Bradley J. Snyder Editors Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting Recent Progress and Current Challenges 123 Editors FotiniKatopodesChow StephanF.J.DeWekker DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmental DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences Engineering,MC1710 UniversityofVirginia UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley McCormickRd.291 Berkeley,CA94720-1710 Charlottesville,Virginia USA USA BradleyJ.Snyder MeteorologicalServiceofCanada #201401BurrardStreet Vancouver,BC,Canada ISBN978-94-007-4097-6 ISBN978-94-007-4098-3(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4098-3 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012940730 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer. PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface This book is the result of a multiyear effort that began with the organizationof a workshopdesignedtobringresearchersandforecasterstogethertodiscusscurrent progress and challenges in mountain weather. The chapters herein represent the topicsfromthisMountainWeatherWorkshop,whichtookplaceinWhistler,British Columbia, Canada, 5–8 August 2008. The inspiration for the workshopand book aroseundertheguidanceoftheAmericanMeteorologicalSociety(AMS)Mountain MeteorologyCommittee. One of the main goals of the workshop was to bridge the gap between the researchandforecastingcommunitiesbyprovidingaforumforextendeddiscussion andjointeducation.Theworkshopconsistedoflecturesgivenby13distinguished speakers,severaldiscussionopportunitiesinsmallgroups,andadayoflaboratory exercisesdesignedforforecastertrainingforthe2010WinterOlympicsinVancou- ver. The lectures provided a detailed overview of important and emerging topics in mountain meteorology. About 100 participants attended, roughly evenly split among forecasters, researchers, and graduate students (see Fig. 12.2 for a picture of participants). One of the highlights of the week was a group activity to design the best observation and modeling system to nowcast for the Olympic ski jump event;thiswasanexcellentopportunityforresearchersandoperationalforecasters to work together and “bridge the gap.” The lectures from the workshop can be accessed online in the COMET MetEd tutorial collection (http://www.meted.ucar. edu/training module.php?id=878). Thechaptersinthisbookhavebeenwrittenwiththeintenttoprovideathorough overviewofeachtopicwithanemphasisonrecentresearchandprogressinthefield, especiallysincethelastcollectionoftopicsinmountainmeteorologywaspublished more than two decades ago (Blumen 1990). It is our hope that this new offering will be used extensively in mountain weather courses at universities and forecast offices and also used as a generalreference book for researchers, forecasters, and students.Readerswillbeprovidedwith abroadunderstandingofthe fundamental principlesdrivingflowovercomplexterrain,includinghistoricalcontextforrecent developments and future directions for researchers and forecasters. For academic v vi Preface Fig.P1.1 ViewofthePEAK2PEAKgondolaconnectingWhistlerandBlackcombmountains, lookingacrosstowardBlackcomb.Whistlervillageisonthefarleft(©JamesDunning.Reprinted withpermission) researchers, the book will provide some insight into issues important to the forecasting community. For the forecasting community, we hope the book will provide training on fundamentals of flows specific to mountainousregions which are notoriously difficult to predict, understanding of current research challenges, andanopportunityto learnaboutthelatestcontributionsandadvancementstothe field.Ourgoalofbridgingthegapbetweenresearchandforecastingwiththisbook isaptlycapturedintheimagebelowshowingWhistlerandBlackcombmountains, connectedbythenewPEAK2PEAKgondola,builtforthe2010WinterOlympics, bridgingthegapbetweenthetwomountains(Fig.P1.1). The first chapter provides an overview of mountain weather and forecasting challenges specific to complex terrain. This is followed by chapters that focus on diurnal mountain/valley flows that develop under calm conditions (Chap. 2) and dynamicallydrivenwindsunderstrongforcing(Chap.3).Thefocusthenshiftsto other specific phenomena that are difficult to understand and predict in mountain regions: Alpine foehn (Chap. 4) and boundary layer phenomena and air quality (Chap. 5). The following two chapters address processes that bring wet mountain weather, in the form of rain, snow, or other hydrometeors, with a discussion of specificorographicprecipitationprocesses(Chap.6)andthedetailsofmicrophysics parameterizations(Chap.7).Havingcoveredthemajorphysicalprocesses,thebook shifts to observation and modeling techniques used in mountain regions. First, a detailed discussion of field measurements in complex terrain is given (Chap. 8). Preface vii Then, the following three chapters describe the basics of mesoscale numerical modeling (Chap. 9), model configuration and physical parameterizations such as turbulence(Chap.10),andmodelapplicationsinoperationalforecasting(Chap.11). Thebookconcludeswithachapterthatdiscussesthecurrentstate ofresearchand forecasting in complex terrain, including a vision of how to bridge the gap in the future(Chap.12). We arequitefortunatetohaveasetofconscientiousandthoroughauthorswho havecontributedtheirknowledgeandexpertisetocreatethisbook,largelyintheir sparetime.Wearealsoextremelygratefultothemanyreviewerswhowereinvolved in ensuringthe quality of this book.Given the lengthof some of the chapters,we wereparticularlyimpressedbythecaretheytooktothoroughlyreviewthechapter content,fromcommentsonoverallstructuretodetailsonstyleandformatting. Funding to support the publication of this book and for student travel to the workshopwas providedby the National Science Foundation(NSF) (award ATM- 0810090).FundingfortheworkshopwasprovidedbytheAmericanMeteorological Society (AMS), the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) acting on behalf of the Cooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Edu- cationandTraining(COMET),andtheMeteorologicalServiceofCanada(MSC). The workshopwas mainly organizedby us (editorsof this book)with the help of many others on the AMS Mountain Meteorology Committee, in addition to Cara CampbellatAMS.WethankourcolleagueswhowereAMSMountainMeteorology Committeememberswithusovertheyears(BrianColle,LisaDarby,MikeMeyers, StephenMobbs,GregPoulos,HeatherReeves,AlexReinecke,SimonVosper,Doug Wesley, and David Whiteman)and membersof the AMSpublicationsdepartment (Peter Lamb, Sarah Jane Shangraw, and Ken Heideman) for their support of this effort. Contents 1 Mountain Weather Prediction: Phenomenological ChallengesandForecastMethodology................................... 1 MichaelP.MeyersandW.JamesSteenburgh 2 DiurnalMountainWindSystems......................................... 35 DinoZardiandC.DavidWhiteman 3 Dynamically-DrivenWinds................................................ 121 PeterL.Jackson,GeorgMayr,andSimonVosper 4 UnderstandingandForecastingAlpineFoehn.......................... 219 HansRichnerandPatrickHa¨chler 5 BoundaryLayersandAirQualityinMountainousTerrain........... 261 DouwG.Steyn,StephanF.J.DeWekker,MeinolfKossmann, andAlbertoMartilli 6 Theory,Observations,andPredictionsofOrographic Precipitation................................................................. 291 BrianA.Colle,RonaldB.Smith,andDouglasA.Wesley 7 MicrophysicalProcessesWithin Winter Orographic CloudandPrecipitationSystems ......................................... 345 MarkT.Stoelinga,RonaldE.Stewart,GregoryThompson, andJulieM.The´riault 8 ObservationalTechniques:SamplingtheMountainAtmosphere..... 409 RobertM.Banta,C.M.Shun,DanielC.Law,WilliamBrown, RogerF.Reinking,R.MichaelHardesty,ChristophJ.Senff, W.AlanBrewer,M.J.Post,andLisaS.Darby ix x Contents 9 MesoscaleModelingoverComplexTerrain:Numerical andPredictabilityPerspectives............................................ 531 JamesD.Doyle, CraigC.Epifanio, AndersPersson, PatrickA.Reinecke,andGu¨ntherZa¨ngl 10 Meso-andFine-ScaleModelingoverComplexTerrain: ParameterizationsandApplications...................................... 591 ShiyuanZhongandFotiniKatopodesChow 11 NumericalWeatherPredictionandWeatherForecasting inComplexTerrain......................................................... 655 BradColman,KirbyCook,andBradleyJ.Snyder 12 BridgingtheGapBetweenOperationsandResearchto ImproveWeatherPredictioninMountainousRegions................. 693 W.JamesSteenburgh,DavidM.Schultz,BradleyJ.Snyder, andMichaelP.Meyers AuthorIndex...................................................................... 717 SubjectIndex..................................................................... 725
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