Motivational readiness for physical activity

236 Pages·2002·35.935 MB·English

by  Bess H Marcus

PhysicalActivity
Intervention Series
Motiwating People
Be
to Physically
Active
Bess H. Marcus
LeighAnn H. Forsyth

Motivating
People to Be
Physically Active
Physical Activity Intervention Series
3eee H. Marcus, PhD
Director of Physical Activity Rissearcli
Canters for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine
Brown Medical School and The Miriam Hospital
LelghAnn H. Forsyth, PhD
Assistant Professor
of Clinical and Health Psychology
Cleveland State University
Steven Blair, PEP
Series Editor
Director of Keeearch
the Cooper Institute
Human Kinetics
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Marcus, Bess, 1961-
Motivatingpeopletobephysically active/BessMarcus,
LeighAnnForsyth.
p. ; cm. -- (Physical activity intervention series)
Includesbibhographicalreferences andindex.
ISBN0-7360-4064-1 (softcover : alk. paper)
1. Exercisetherapy. 2. Exercise-Psychological aspects.
3. Motivation (Psychology) 4. Healthbehavior. 5. Physicaledu-
cation andtraining. I. Forsyth,LeighAnn, 1967- . II.Title.
in. Series
[DNLM: 1. PhysicalFitness. 2. Exercise. 3. HealthBehavior.
4. Motivation. 5. ProgramDevelopment. QT255M322m
2003]
RM725.M373 2003
615.8'2-dc21
2002009228
ISBN: 0-7360-4064-1
Copyright©2003 byBessH. MarcusandLeighAnnH. Forsyth
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To my husband, Dan,
for his constant love and support;
to my awesome kids, Brittany and Josh,
who make each day exciting and special;
to my mom, Betty, for always believing in me;
to my late father, Ben, for teaching me
to have faith in the change process;
to my exercise buddies,
Nancy, Michelle, Kristin, and Joan,
who help me keep everything in perspective.
BHM
To my husband, Paul,
for sticking with me through the craziness;
my kids, Olivia and Evan,
who never fail to bring me perspective;
my loving parents, James and VVilma Hock,
who inspire me;
and the Mom's Club members,
Natalie, Jane, Liz, and Lauren,
who share my laughter and tears
when need it the most.
I
LAF
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive
in 2011
littp://www.arcliive.org/details/motivatingpeopleOOmarc
1
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Series Preface
vii
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Part Theoretical Background and
I
Tools for Measuring Motivational Readiness
m
1 Description of Physical
Activity Interventions 3
Definitions of Physical Activity, Exercise, and Physical
Fitness • Physical Activity Interventions • The Stages of
Motivational Readiness for Change Model
2 The Stages of Motivational Readiness
for Change Model 1
Motivational Readiness and the Stages ofChange • Matching
Treatment Strategies to Stages ofChange • Processes of
Behavior Change • Questionnaires
C/i
3 Integrating Other Psychological Theories
and Models 25
LearningTheory • Decision-MakingTheory • Behavioral
ChoiceTheory • Social CognitiveTheory • Ecological
Model • Relapse Prevention Model • Conclusion
4 Learning About Physical Activity Mediators 41
Why Consider Mediators? • ModeratorsVersus Mediators •
Mediators of Physical Activity • Empirical Support for
Mediators • Conclusion
5 Evaluating and Measuring
Physical Activity Mediators 57
Processes ofChange • Self-Efficacy • Decisional Balance •
Social Support • Outcome Expectations • Enjoyment •
Conclusion
6 Successful Physical Activity Interventions
Using the Stages Model 11
ImagineAction: A Community-Based Program • Jump
Startto Health: AWorkplace-Based Study • jump Start:
A Community-Based Study • ProjectActive: A Community-
Based Study • Conclusion
1
Contents
Part Applications
II
7 Assessing Physical Activity Patterns and
Physical Fitness 91
Tracking Physical Activity Behavior • Fitness Assessment •
Assessing Physical Activity and Fitness in Group Settings •
Conclusion
8 Using the Stages Model in Individual
Counseling 107
Physical Readiness • Psychological Readiness • Confidence
Is Critical for Behavior Change • Setting Goals • Measuring
Success • Conclusion
9 Using the Stages Model in Group
Counseling Programs 39
1
Leading a Stage-Based Group • A Sample Stage-Based
Curriculum From ProjectActive • AssessingWhetherYou Met
Your Objective for a Session • Conclusion
1 Using the Stages Model in Work-Site
Programs 63
1
Building SupportforYour Program • Assessing Motivational
Readiness • ChoosingYourTargetAudience • ReachingYour
TargetAudience • Developing Stage-Matched Materials •
Focusing on Moderate-IntensityActivity • Planning Events •
Incentives for Participation • Conclusion
1 Using the Stages Model in
Community Programs 183
Community Stage ofChange • Reaching IndividualsWithin a
Community • Developing Stage-Matched Messages • Using
a Media-Based Approach to ReachYourTargetAudience •
WorkingWith Community Leaders to ReachYourTarget
Audience • Conclusion
Appendix: Organizations and Suggested Readings 209
Index 213
About the Authors 219
VI
CD
Conclusive evidence confirms the hazards of a sedentary
lifestyle and the health benefits of regular physical activity. In smAMiA^^Aimi^m
the last 10years, reports bythe U.S. Surgeon General, the Cen-
ters for Disease Control and Prevention, theAmerican College
of Sports Medicine, the National Institutes of Health, and the
AmericanHeartAssociation have identified physical inactivity
as a major public health problem. The culmination of discus-
sions fromthese expert groups led tothe revolutionarypublic
healthrecommendation: "Sedentaryadultsshouldaccumulate
atleast30minutes ofmoderate-intensityphysicalactivityover
the course of most, preferably all, days of the week."
Another recent development is the emergence of physical
activity intervention research that focuses on the application
of psychological theories and behavioral intervention meth-
odstohelpsedentaryadults become and staymorephysically
active. It becameapparentthat aflexible, lifestyle approach to
physical activity also is a valid way to help sedentary adults
become more active and fit. The convergence of the new pub-
lic health recommendations and new approaches to physical
activityinterventions has led to an increased interest in devel-
oping and evaluating alternative approaches of exercise pro-
gramming.
The Physical Activity Intervention series is composed of
texts, written by the leading researchers in the field, that pro-
vide specific and evidence-based methods for physical activ-
ity interventions. These books include practical suggestions,
examples,forms,questionnaires,andspecificinterventiontech-
niques that can be applied in field settings. Many health pro-
fessionals who provide exercise advice and offer exercise pro-
grams use the traditional frequency, intensity, and time (FIT)
approach to exercise prescription. Although this exercise pre-
scription is valid, many people are reluctant to go to a fitness
facility or participate in such programs. There is a need for
alternative programs based on the new physical activity rec-
ommendation and the use of behavioral intervention tech-
niques.
The books in this series provide information, techniques,
—
and support to the many health professionals clinical ex-
ercise physiologists, nutritionists, physicians, fitness center
vii
—
Series Preface
exerciseleaders, publichealthworkers, andhealthpromotionexperts
who are looking for alternative ways to promote physical activity that
do not require arigid application ofthe FIT approach. The CooperInsti-
tute developed this Physical Activity Intervention series to meet this
need.
The Physical Activity Intervention series includes books that focus
on the implementation of theory-based physical activity interventions
inthepublichealthsetting,after-schoolprogramsforchildrenandyouth,
evaluationofphysicalactivityinterventions, themotivationalreadiness
for change model, and focused interventions for other special popula-
tions such as older adults and those with chronic disease. Each book
will be valuable in its own right, but as the series grows it will provide
an integrated collection of materials that can be used for planning, de-
veloping, implementing, and evaluating physical activity interventions
in avariety of settings for diverse populations.
I hope that the books in this series are useful to you. I will be de-
lighted to receive your feedback, including recommendations for addi-
tional topics. Good luck in your crucial efforts to make our population
more active, fit, and healthy.
Steven N. Blair
Series Editor
The CooperInstitute
VIII