Moses and Akhenaten : the secret history of Egypt at the time of the Exodus

355 Pages·2002·9.98 MB·English

by  Osman Ahmed

MOSES
AND
AKHENATEN
The Secret History of Egypt
at the Time of the Exodus
AHMED OSMAN
Bear Company
&
Rochest er, Vermont
ACIO<WNELDGMENTS
A NUMBER of people have given their help and support to the prepa­
ration of this book. I should like to thank in particular Dr Eric Uphill,
Honorary Research Fellow in Egyptology at University College, London,
for reading the manuscript and for his valuable advice and suggestions;
the French archaeologist Professor Jean Yoyotte for discussing the time
of the Exodus and the location of Zarw; the French archaeologist Pro­
fessor Alain-Pierre Zivie for giving details of his recent discoveries, as yet
unpublished, in the tomb of Aper-El at Sakkara; Professor Younes A.
Ekbatrik, the Egyptian Cultural Counsellor in London, for arranging a
discussion about the fortified city recently found at Tell el-Heboua, East
Kantarah, and its possible identification with Pi-Ramses; my friend Ger­
ald O' Farrel for his support; Cairo Museum and its director, Mohammed
Mohsen, for providing, and allowing the use of, many of the photographs
to be found in this volume, and, finally, H . J . Weaver for his assistance in
editing the material and making it less complex than it might otherwise
have been.
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction
Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties
I Bricks Without Straw
2 Was Moses a King?
3 The Israel Stela
4 Rebellion in Sinai
5 Sojourn- and the Mother of Moses
6 The Rightful Son and Heir
7 The Coregency Debate (I)
8 The Coregency Debate (II)
9 The Reign of Horemheb
IO A Chronology of Kings
II The Birthplace of Akhenaten
I2 Akhenaten: The Early Years
I3 Horizon of the A ten
I4 The Tomb of Akhenaten
I The Fallen One of Amama
S
I6 Corridors of Power
I7 The First Monotheist
I8 The 'Magic' Rod of Moses
I9 Who Was Who?- and the Death of Moses
Epilogue
APPENDICES
A The Shasu Wars
B T he Amarna Rock Tombs of Huya and Meryre II
C The Mos Case
D Pi- Ramses and Z
arw
E The Body in Tomb No.
55
F Some Further Evidence of Survival
G T he Hebrews
Index
Intro 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Notes
Bibliography
17 18 19 A B C D E F G
About the Author
About Inner Tradit ions
Copyright
PRAECFE
I CAME to London from Cairo a quarter of a century ago, intending to
devote most of my time to trying to establish links between the Bible and
what we know, from a variety of sources, of Egyptian history. The choice
of London was dictated by the far superior research facilities to be found
there.
Initially, while earning a living by teaching Arabic, I embarked on a
course of intensive study. I enrolled in the Egypt Exploration Society and
spent six years familiarizing myself with the ancient history of my coun­
try and mastering hieroglyphics. I also learned Hebrew and studied the
Bible.
However, when I tried to put this knowledge to use I found myself fac­
ing the same problem that had baffled scholars for more than a century -
establishing a starting point by identifying a major biblical figure as a
major figure in Egyptian history. Who was Joseph, the Patriarch who
brought the tribe of Israel down to Egypt from Canaan? Who was the un­
named Pharaoh who appointed him as a senior minister, the virtual ruler
of the country in the king's name? Who was Moses? If, as I believed, the
Old Testament was fundamentally a historical work, the characters who
appear in its stories had to match characters in Egyptian history.
It was another fifteen years before I stumbled upon the vital clue (in
what seems in retrospect a moment of inspiration) embedded in a bib­
lical text so familiar that I found it hard to believe that its significance had
not struck me years earlier. The passage in question occurs in the Book of
Genesis. The brothers of the Patriarch Joseph, we are told, had sold him
into slavery in Egypt where, as a result of interpreting Pharaoh's dream
about the seven good years that would be followed by seven lean years, he
was appointed the king's senior minister. The brothers later paid two vis­
its to Egypt at times of famine in Canaan. On the second occasion, Joseph
revealed his identity to them, but told them reassuringly that they should
not blame themselves for having sold him into slavery because it was not
they who had sent him 'hither, but God; and he hath made me a father to
Pharaoh' (Gen. 45:8).
A father to Pharaoh! I thought at once - and, as I have said, could not
understand why I had not made the connection before - of Yuya, min­
ister to two rulers of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Although Yuya was not
apparently of royal blood, his tomb had been found in the Valley of the
Kings in 1905. Little attention was devoted to him because he was consid­
only
ered comparatively unimportant. Yet Yuya is the person in whose
it ntr n nb tawi
tomb the title - holy father of the Lord of the Two Lands,
Pharaoh's formal title - has been found. It occurs once on one of his
ushabti
(royal funeral statuette No. 51028 in the Cairo Museum catalogue)
and more than twenty times on his funerary papyrus.
Could Joseph and Yuya be the same person? The case for this being so
Stranger in the Valley of the J(ings.
is argued in my first book, Once this
link was established, all manner of things began to fall into place:
It became possible to create matching chronologies from Abraham to
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Moses on the one hand, and from Tuthmosis III, the sixth ruler of the
Eighteenth Dynasty, to Seti I, the second ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty,
on the other.
It also became clear that:
Of the three periods of time given in the Old Testament - four gener­
•
ations, 400 years and 430 years - for the Israelite Sojourn in Egypt, four
generations is correct, a view which Jewish scholars have arrived at by an­
other reckoning;
As it is known that the Israelites were in Egypt at the end of the
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