Morphometric study of the species Hypocoprus latridioides Motschulsky, 1839 and H. quadricollis Reitter, 1877 (Coleoptera: Atomariinae)

7 Pages·2002·0.16 MB·

by  José Otero

© Entomologica Fennica. 30 October 2002
Morphometric study of the species Hypocoprus latridioides
Motschulsky, 1839 and H. quadricollis Reitter, 1877 (Coleoptera:
Atomariinae)
J. Carlos Otero
Otero, J. C. 2002: Morphometric study of the species Hypocoprus latridioides
Motschulsky, 1839 and H. quadricollis Reitter, 1877 (Coleoptera: Atomariinae).
— Entomol. Fennica 13: 139–145.
Most of the characters used in the literature to distinguish H. latridioides
Motschulsky, 1839 from the closely related taxon H. quadricollis Reitter,
1877 are not diagnostic. The present morphometric study indicates that there
is no evidence to support the status of the latter as a separate species. A new
description of H. latridioides is presented.
J. Carlos Otero, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología,
15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-mail: [email protected]
Received 1 March 2002, accepted 4 April 2002
1. Introduction sider them as synonyms (Vogt 1967, Silfverberg
1992, Jelinek 1993). Reitter (1911) distinguishes
Phenotypic variability is an observable character- between the two on the basis of pronotum-to-
istic of all animal species. Somatometric studies elytron length ratio, while Jansson (1940) adds
aid assessment of the extent to which the observed other diagnostic characters: pilosity coloration and
variability should be considered intraspecific, as thickness, and geographic distribution (H.
opposed to interspecific and thus of value for spe- latridioides in Finnish and Swedish Lapland, H.
cies discrimination (Prat 1985). Furthermore, they quadricollis in southern Scandinavia, France and
can reveal geographic patterns of morphometric Madeira).
variation (Casteig & Escala 1988), and in some The present study is a morphometric analysis
cases — in comparisons of populations of sym- of specimens collected in Finnish and Swedish
patric species — detect niche variation (Martín Lapland, southern Sweden, Siberia, and central
Cantarino & Seva Roman 1991). It is thus not and southern Europe, with the aim of assessing
surprising that numerous studies of this type exist patterns of variation and identifying possible spe-
in the literature (e.g. Bach & Cardenas 1985, cies groups. In addition, a new description of H.
Cardenas et al. 1998, Desender & Crappe 1983, latridioides Motsch. is provided, since the exist-
Prat 1985, Savage & Saponis 1983, Reyes 1986). ing description is incomplete.
In the genus Hypocoprus, there is some un-
certainty as regards the taxonomic status of the
species H. latridioides Motschulsky, 1839 and H. 2. Material examined
quadricollis Reitter, 1877. Some authors argue
for their consideration as two separate species Abbreviations used. CA: coll. Angelini, Franca-
(Reitter 1911, Jansson 1940), while others con- villa Fontana, Italy (F. Angelini); DEI: Deutsches
140 Otero • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 13
Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde, Germany Csiki], coll. Reitter\ Holotypus [is printed with
(Dr. L. Zerche); HNHM: Hungarian Natural His- red], Hypocoprus quadricollis Reitter\ 4collis m,
tory Museum, Budapest (Dr. O. Merkl); MNCN: Gall. Mer., Bauduer [probably with Reitter’s origi-
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (Dr. nal handwriting].
I. Izquierdo); MZLU: Museum of Zoology, Lund Paralectotypus (h) (HNHM, examined) (by
University (Dr. R. Danielsson); Dr. J. Guitian, present designation). Labelled: Gallia mer., leg.
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Bauduer [handwritten probably by Csiki], coll.
Reitter\ Paratypus [is printed with red], Hypocoprus
quadricollis Reitter\ 4collis m, Gall. Mer., Bauduer
H. latridioides Motschulsky, 1839 [probably with Reitter’s original handwriting].
Comment. In the catalogue of De La Fuente
Type material. I have not been able to study the (1927, p. 112), H. hispanus is cited in litteris.
original H. latridioides material. Unfortunately, However, all other sources consulted indicate that
repeated loan requests submitted to the Moscow this is an unpublished name. DEI (coll. Heyden)
Museum and relevant researchers have received has a specimen (Heyden Collection Types Cata-
no reply. The concept of this distinctive species logue # 635) with the label “Hypocoprus hispanus
as treated by previous authors has been accepted Reitter. Hisp. mer. Reitter” handwritten by
(e.g. Vogt 1967). Heyden, a second printed label “Süd-Spanien.
SPAIN, Marbella, 1–12.VII.62, 22 ex (T. Algeciras. Simon”, and a third red-printed label
Palm); Pyrinees, La Molina, 11–16.VII.63, 14 ex “histor. Exempl. vielleicnt. Type”. This specimen
(T. Palm) (MZLU); ITALY, Basilicata, La concords precisely with H. latridioides Motsch.
Maddalene, 7–9.VII.87, 2 ex (F. Angelini) (CA);
Corsica, 1 ex (MNCN); Puglia, Acquaviva,
2.X.68, 4 ex (L. De Marzo); MACEDONIA, 3. Methods
Ljuboten, 4.VII.55, 1 ex (Fodor); SIBERIA,
Irkutsk, 1 ex (E. Bokor) (HNHM); SWEDEN,
All measures were determined with an Olympus
Gotska Sandön, 4 ex (A. Jansson); Gotl. Sundre,
SZX12 stereomicroscope equipped with a Micro
31.V.61, 2 ex (Wiren); Gstr. Hedesunda, 1 ex;
Image system (vers. 4.0 for Windows 98) using a
Öland, Greby, 8–19.V.50, 6 ex (T. Palm); Öland,
32-bit-resolution digital camera. The following
Vickleby Allvar, III.39, 1 ex (N. Bruce); Over-
characters were determined:
kalix, 1 ex (S. Lundberg); Pajala, Muonionalusta,
19.VI.55, 22 ex (G. Israelson); Sandhammaren, — TL: Total length — from the anterior border of
12 ex (E. Kangas); Stoby, 9.VII.58, 2 ex (G. the head to the posterior border of the elytron.
Israelson); Torhamn, 17.VI.44, 1 ex; Tornetrask, — HL: Head length — from the anterior border
Abisko, 11 ex; Tornetrask, Katta., 18 ex (Sellman); of the head to the posterior border of the eyes.
Vinslövs, 4.VII.58, 18 ex; 31.V.59, 22 ex.; — HW: Head width — maximum head width.
31.IX.59, 9 ex (G. Israelson); Vittskövle, — EL: Eye length.
18.VIII.70, 8 ex (R. Baranowski); FINLAND, — EW: Eye width.
V.Nauvo, 5.VII.47, 2 ex (E. Kangas) (MZLU). — PL: Pronotum length — maximum pronotum
length, measured from the anterior to the
posterior border in a plane parallel to the sagittal.
H. quadricollis Reitter, 1877 — PW: Pronotum width — maximum pronotum
width, measured perpendicular to length.
In Reitter’s (1877) original article, the type local- — EL: Elytron length — distance between the
ity indicated is Gallia mer., not Slovakia. Equally, anterior border of the scutellum and the
the specimens studied were accompanied by la- posterior border of the elytron.
bels marked “Gallia mer.”. — EW: Elytron width — maximum elytron width.
Type Material. Lectotypus (m) (HNHM, ex-
The following indices were also calculated:
amined) (by present designation). Labelled: Gallia
mer., leg. Bauduer [handwritten probably by — HW/HL: Ratio of head width to head length.
ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol.13 • Morphometric study of Hypocoprus species 141
Fig. 1. The positions of the
53 specimens in the ordi-
nation space, defined by
the first three factors
extracted in the factor
analysis.
— PW/PL: Ratio of pronotum width to pronotum explain 89.67% of the accumulative variance
length. (Table 1). Table 2 details the loading factors for
— EW/EL: Ratio of elytron width to elytron each of the components. Of the variance, 41.31%
length. is absorbed by the first component, in which the
— EL/PL: Ratio of elytron length to pronotum size factors stand out, with values greater than
length. 0.882: elytron length (EL), maximum pronotum
width (PW), elytron width (EW), total length (TL),
Finally, I recorded:
and pronotum length (PL).
— GO: geographical origin (1 = Finnish or The rest of the variance is absorbed by other
Swedish Lapland; 2 = southern Scandinavia, four axes that are related to head, pronotum and
Siberia, or central or southern Europe). elytron length/width ratio factors. Fig. 1 shows the
projection of the specimens as a function of the
The specimens studied are listed in Appendix,
respective numerical values of the first three com-
showing the number codes used in Fig. 1.
ponents, without it being possible to clearly estab-
The data were investigated using various ex-
lish a correspondence between the morphological
ploratory multivariate techniques (factor analy-
data and the origin of the specimens examined.
sis, multivariate analysis of variance, and logistic
regression). Relationships between the 13
morphometric characters were evaluated by cor- Table 1. Variance explained by the first five factors
relation analysis, which allows the identification extracted in the factor analysis of the morphometric
of dependence relations. All statistical analyses data.
were performed using SPSS 10.0 for Windows.
Factor Total Variance Cumulative
explained (%) variance (%)
4. Results and Discussion 1 5.371 41.316 41.316
2 2.208 16.981 58.297
3 1.796 13.814 72.111
For the factor analysis we considered the full set
4 1.269 9.762 81.873
of 53 specimens and 13 morphological charac-
5 1.014 7.797 89.670
ters. Taken together, the first five components
142 Otero • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 13
Two analyses were perfomed — multivariate width-to-length ratio, and elytron-to-pronotum
ANOVA (Wilks’ Lambda) and a logistic regres- length ratio), suggesting the existence of some sort
sion — to determine whether any relationship of intraspecific variation, perhaps reflecting envi-
exists between the significant factors of Table 2 ronmental separations.
and the origin (GO) of the specimens examined.
These analyses (Tables 3–4) detect a separation
of the specimens as a function of the second com- 5. Redescription
ponent in which the highest loadings correspond
to the pronotum length/width relation (PW/PL) Hypocoprus latridioides (Motschulsky, 1839)
and to lesser extent in relation to EL/PL (p = 0.002).
The scatter plots of GO in relation to PW/PL and Upocoprus lathridioides MOTSCHULSKY, 1839. Bull.
EL/PL show in both cases that all the specimens Moscou, XII: 73
are distributed within a wide range, possibly indi- Myrmecinomus hochuthii CHAUDOIR, 1845. Bull.
Moscou, XVIII (2): 207
cating interspecific allometry. In conclusion, there
Monotoma caucasicum KOLENNATI, 1845. Melet.
do not appear to be any morphometric grounds to
Ent., III: 43
support the consideration of these specimens as
Hypocorpus quadricollis REITTER, 1877. Verh. zool-
belonging to two separate species. Likewise, there bot. Ges. Wien, XXVII: 180
is no evidence that specimens from Lapland show
Length. 1.0–1.2 mm. Body elongated and slightly
any consistent differences with respect to speci-
convex. Coloration yellowish brown to blackish
mens from elsewhere in Eurasia. However, my
brown; legs and antennae yellowish brown or dark
findings provide evidence of significant geo-
brown. Body finely pubescent, setae moderately
graphical variation in shape (notably pronotum
long (L = 23.43–24.44 mm). Metathoracic wings
developed.
Head. Temples parallel and shorter than eyes;
Table 2. The loadings of the 13 morphometric
variables on each of the first three factors extracted eyes small (L = 0.039–0.077 mm), scarcely ex-
in the factor analysis of the morphometric data. tending beyond the lateral margin of the face;
ocular facets (Ø = 6.02–6.68 mm) of similar size
Component
Variable 1 2 3
Table 4. The results of logistic regression with GO
TL 0.909 –0.157 –0.075 (geographical origin: Lapland, or elsewhere in Eurasia)
HL 0.612 0.076 –0.664 as the dependent variable, and scores on the five
HW 0.601 0.189 0.513 factors extracted by factor analysis (F1–F5) as
EL 0.482 0.435 –0.187 candidate predictor variables.
EW 0.424 0.442 –0.066
PL 0.882 –0.441 0.100 Factor Score p
PW 0.930 0.016 0.151
EL 0.938 –0.078 0.121 F1 0.217 0.641
EW 0.913 0.155 0.010 F2 9.472 0.002
HW/HL –0.065 0.073 0.973 F3 0.631 0.427
PW/PL –0.172 0.886 0.082 F4 3.303 0.069
EW/EL 0.025 –0.440 0.202 F5 0.282 0.596
EL/PL 0.081 0.739 0.063 Overall model 13.905 0.016
Table 3. The multivariate contrasts.
Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df p
Intercept Wilks-Lambda 0.928 0.715 5 46 0.615
V15 Wilks-Lambda 0.733 3.358 5 46 0.011
ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol.13 • Morphometric study of Hypocoprus species 143
to pronotum punctures. Antennae (Fig. 2a) not
reaching the posterior edge of the pronotum. 3rd
antennomere ~25% shorter than 2nd; 5th thicker
than preceding, and ~33% longer than the 4th;
6th, 7th and 8th of equal length. The latter three
form an elongated club.
Pronotum (Fig. 1a). Wider than long (PW/PL
= 1.00–1.18); anterior and posterior angles rounded;
base not edged; puncturation fine and diffuse, the
punctures separated by a distance approximately
equal to their diameter (Ø = 6.02–6.68 mm).
Elytra. 2.0–2.6 times longer than pronotum.
Without striae. 1st ventrite as long as the 2nd and
3rd together; 2nd and 3rd ventrites of the same
length (ventrite length measured medially).
Aedeagus (Fig. 2c).
Spermatheca (Fig. 2d).
Geographical distribution. Eurasia (Leschen 1996).
Acknowledgements. The author thanks the institutions
and individuals mentioned for loan of the study material.
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144 Otero • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 13
O
G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12222222 2 2 2 2 2 11
s).
meter EL/PL 2.345 2.464 2.273 2.367 2.335 2.357 2.364 2.438 2.2782.3542.4322.3672.3772.2832.2472.21 2.314 2.44 2.321 2.228 2.286 2.3042.358
o
cr L
d in mi EW/E 1.623 1.66 1.655 1.658 1.661 1.67 1.716 1.649 1.7121.5761.6681.6161.5931.5591.6391.646 1.665 1.625 1.606 1.699 1.552 1.7251.699
e
xpress PW/PL 1.032 1.009 1 1.013 1.022 0.993 1.028 1.016 1.0221.0611.0471.011.0711.0341.0171.013 1.052 1.085 1.058 0.97 1.027 1.0131
e
ar values HW/HL 1.783 1.904 1.608 1.767 2.024 1.481 1.775 1.596 1.6761.661.4721.6271.6331.5611.8961.624 1.7 1.832 1.714 1.596 1.5 1.8251.723
e 6 4 1 4 4 2 8 2 83182996 1 4 2 6 8 22
n W 0 5 0 2 4 2 3 4 56038299 7 4 2 9 3 82
s (li E 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.30.40.40.40.40.40.30.3 0.3 0. 0.4 0.3 0. 0.30.4
olli
uadric EL 0.659 0.754 0.664 0.703 0.731 0.705 0.752 0.729 0.6130.730.6690.7080.7680.6690.6540.652 0.618 0.715 0.678 0.673 0.59 0.6590.717
q
H. W 9 9 2 1 2 7 7 4 59826369 1 8 9 3 5 94
and P 0.2 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.3 0.29 0.32 0.30 0.270.320.280.300.340.300.290.29 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.20.30
s
e
d 1 6 2 7 3 9 8 9 91593315 7 3 2 2 8 64
oi L 8 0 9 9 1 9 1 9 63792999 6 9 9 0 5 80
atridi P 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.20.0.20.20.30.20.20.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.20.3
s l 3 7 3 4 5 8 4 4 43382648 3 4 8 2 2 12
u W 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 20023222 2 2 2 2 2 20
opr E 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0.0.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.
c
o
p 1 6 3 3 3 6 8 5 46467135 1 9 6 2 9 76
Hyof EL 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.050.00.060.00.00.060.060.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.040.05
s
n 9 9 7 1 1 3 1 9 89796292 8 1 2 1 8 13
e W 3 5 3 5 5 4 6 4 25347434 3 5 5 4 2 44
cim H 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.20.2
e
p
s for s HL 0.134 0.136 0.141 0.142 0.124 0.164 0.147 0.156 0.1360.1560.1610.1530.1690.1550.1260.149 0.14 0.137 0.147 0.151 0.152 0.1320.141
er
charact TL 1.151 1.287 1.178 1.273 1.268 1.271 1.284 1.311 1.1091.2191.181.2081.3431.2031.1321.224 1.104 1.298 1.22 1.266 1.093 1.1371.255
ppendix. The values of the measured ocation weden, Pajala, Muonionalusta,19.VI.55 (Israelson)weden, Pajala, Muonionalusta,19.VI.55 (Israelson)weden, Pajala, Muonionalusta,19.VI.55 (Israelson)weden, Pajala, Muonionalusta,19.VI.55 (Israelson)weden, Pajala, Muonionalusta,19.VI.55 (Israelson)weden, Pajala, Muonionalusta,19.VI.55 (Israelson)weden, Pajala, Muonionalusta,19.VI.55 (Israelson)weden, Pajala, Muonionalusta,19.VI.55 (Israelson)weden, Overkalix (Lundberg)weden, Stoby, 9.VII.58 (Israelson)weden, Stoby, 9.VII.58 (Israelson)weden, Vinslövs, 31.V.59 (Israelson)weden, Vinslövs, 31.V.59 (Israelson)weden, Vinslövs, 31.V.59 (Israelson)weden, Vinslövs, 4.VII.58 (Israelson)weden, Vittskövle, 18.VIII.70(Baranowski)weden, Vittskövle, 18.VIII.70(Baranowski)weden, Vittskövle, 18.VIII.70(Baranowski)weden, Vittskövle, 18.VIII.70(Baranowski)weden, Öland, Borgholm, 20.VII.69(Baranowski)weden, Öland, Borgholm, 20.VII.69(Baranowski)weden, Torneträsk (E. Sellman)weden, Torneträsk (E. Sellman)
A L S S S S S S S S SSSSSSSS S S S S S SS
ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol.13 • Morphometric study of Hypocoprus species 145
1 112 2 22122 2 2222 2 2 2222122 2 2 22222
8 968 1 56817 2 8975 9 3 1474738 5 2 47127
2.35 2.292.342.33 2.40 2.42.382.382.342.42 2.42 2.322.402.432.14 2.37 2.25 2.712.2.372.402.242.242.32 2.47 2.38 2.442.502.462.322.23
9 846 5 87283 5 7969 1 6 6675526 3 9 29554
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1 615 3 73912 9 7146 3 6 5914472 9 2 84793
102 6 612 3 7 3050 4 0 25 2156 6 5 84434
1.01.1.0 1.0 1.01.01.0 1.0 1.0 1.01.1.01.0 1.0 1.0 1.1.0 1.01.01.01.0 1.0 1.0 1.01.11.01.01.0
3 568 4 75724 3 5548 7 1 5937941 4 2 39975
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2 481 4 81639 1 7623 4 1 9333837 2 3 69683
2 200 6 63298 8 1081 4 1 9599392 5 1 29331
0.4 0.40.40.4 0.4 0.40.40.40.30.3 0.3 0.40.40.30.4 0. 0.4 0.30.40.40.30.0.30.4 0.3 0.4 0.40.30.40.0.4
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4 999 4 27829 6 6624 6 6 9259357 3 1 63996
0 087 3 30102 8 0870 8 0 2338890 6 8 09028
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4 462 4 13921 5 5382 4 4 2252999 6 7 16594
0 087 1 10008 6 9850 7 0 3038778 4 6 85977
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0 122 2 22223 2 2322 2 2 2222200 2 2 22222
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6 829 4 52255 5 3766 6 2 2178531 8 6 89884
5 444 5 66546 5 6656 6 6 6675556 4 6 55655
0 000 0 00000 0 0000 0 0 0000000 0 0 00000
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3 682 3 36244 7 9954 9 5 1694433 7 4 54128
4 434 7 74542 3 4355 3 5 5622255 0 2 54543
0.2 0.20.20.2 0.2 0.20.20.20.20. 0.2 0.20.20.20.2 0.2 0.2 0.20.10.0.20.0.20.2 0.2 0. 0.20.20.20.20.2
1 714 8 77144 3 2141 6 2 9746817 1 1 37512
4 334 4 43431 1 1423 3 3 2453344 1 3 44532
0.1 0.10.10.1 0.1 0.10.10.10.10. 0. 0.0.10.10.1 0.1 0.1 0.10.10.10.10.10.10.1 0.1 0.1 0.10.10.10.10.1
5 981 6 32495 5 4984 5 4 5353641 4 7 25977
5 542 8 21801 0 6284 3 7 5394173 8 3 52536
1.2 1.21.11.1 1.3 1.31.21.21.21.2 1.1 1.11.21.01.1 1.1 1.1 1.01.31.31.11.1.11.2 1.0 1.1 1.21.11.21.11.1
Sweden, Torneträsk (E. Sellman) Sweden, Torneträsk (E. Sellman)Sweden, Torneträsk (E. Sellman)Sweden, Goti. Sundren, 31.V.61(Wiren)Sweden, Goti. Sundren, 31.V.61(Wiren)Finland, V. Nauvo, 5.VII.47 (Kangas)Finland, V. Nauvo, 5.VII.47 (Kangas)Sweden, Torneträsk (E. Sellman)Sweden, Torneträsk (E. Sellman)Sweden, Öland, Greby, 8-19.V.50(Palm)Sweden, Öland, Greby, 8-19.V.50(Palm)Spain, Marbella, 1-21.VII.62Spain, Marbella, 1-21.VII.62Spain, Marbella, 1-21.VII.62Spain, Pyrinees, La Molina,11-16.VII.63Spain, Pyrinees, La Molina,11-16.VII.63Spain, Pyrinees, La Molina,11-16.VII.63Gallia mer. (Reitter)Spain, Cadiz, Algeciras (Simon)Sweden, Vinslövs, 4.VII.58 (Israelson)Italy, Córcega (MNCN)Siberia, IrkutskMacedonia, Ljuboten, 4.VII.75 (Fodor)Italy, Basilicata, La Madd., 7.VII.87(Angelini)Italy, Basilicata, La Madd., 7.VII.87(Angelini)Italy, Puglia, Acquaviva, 2.X.69(Angelini)Sweden, Torhamn, 17.VI.44Sweden, Gotska Sandön (Jansson)Sweden, Ivö, 4-6.VI.44 (Palm)Sweden, 12.VII.60 (Lundberg)Sweden, H.Vaderö, 9.V.65 (Lundberg)