MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANGIOSPERMS PDF
Preview MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANGIOSPERMS
/Aarine Biological Laboratory Library Woods Hole, Massachusetts Morphology of the Angiosperms McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATIONS IN THE BOTANICAL SCIENCES Edmund W. Sinnott, Consultinci Editor ARNOLD An Introduction to Paleobotany CURTIS AND CLARK An Introduction to Plant Physiology EAMES Morphology of the Angiosperms EAMES Morphology of Vascular Plants: Lower Groups EAMES AND MACDANiELS An Introduction to Plant Anatomy HAUPT An Introduction to Botany HAUPT Laboratory Manual of Elementary Botany HAUPT Plant Morphology HILL Economic Botany HILL, OVERHOLTS, POPP, AND GROVE Botany JOHANSEN Plant Microtechnique KRAMER Plant and Soil Water Relationships KRAMER AND KOZLOwsKi Phvsiology of Trees LILLY AND BARNETT Physiologv of the Fungi MAHESHWARi An Introduction to the Embryology of the Angiosperms MILLER Plant Phvsiologv POOL Flowers and Flowering Plants SHARP Fundamentals of Cytology SINNOTT Plant Moi-phogenesis SINNOTT, DUNN, AND DOBZHANSKY Principles of Genetics SINNOTT AND WILSON Botany: Principles and Problems SMITH Cryptogamic Botany Vol. I. Algae and Fungi Vol. II. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes SMITH The Fresh-water Algae of the United States SWINGLE Textbook of Systematic Botany WEAVER AND CLEMENTS Plant Ecology There are also the related series of McGraw-Hill Publications in the Zoological Sciences, of which E. J. Boell is Gonsulting Editor, and in the Agricultural Sciences, of which R. A. Brink is Consulting Editor. "... Nee contentum exteriori rerum Naturae conspectu, intro- spicare .... Seneque" (Probably a paraphrase from Seneca's "Questiones Naturales," the preface of Book I.) Used by Van Tieghem on the title page of his "Recherches sur la structure du pistil," Mem. Acad. Sci. France, 1875. Two views of a primitive angiospemi Hower, Eupomatia bennettii: from below, show- ing stamens below the pseudoperianth; and from above, showing pseudoperianth covering the gynoecium and bearing food bodies, clearly seen on edges of blades. MORPHOLOGY ANGIOSPERMS of the Arthur J, Eames PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, EMERITUS CORNELL UNIVERSITY McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. New York Toronto London 1961 MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANGIOSPERMS © Copyright 1961 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in anv form without permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 60-15757 III 18725 THE MAPLE PRESS COMPANY, YORK, PA. Preface Progress in the understanding of the morphology of the angiosperms has been rapid in the twentieth century; much new factual information has been obtained and many conceptions and interpretations have been changed. These changes have been brought about by the studies of many botanists scat—tered throughout the world in the several fields of moi—-pho- logical study descriptive, comparative, anatomical, ontogenetic and these botanists have often brought to bear on their conclusions evi- — dence from the allied botanical fields taxonomy, cytology, paleobotany, serology, plant geography, palynology. The trend toward the use of a broader basis for the drawing of conclusions and for the proposal of new theories is apparent. At the end of the nineteenth century, Celakovsky emphasized the necessity for using "all evidence" in the interpretation of structure and in drawing phylogenetic conclusions; in the twentieth century, the need for a broad base for all interpretations has been re- peated by I. W. Bailey and many others. The importance of this empha- sis is being slowly recognized. This book has been prepared to bring together, in some measure, the results of these many scattered studies for the use especially of advanced students and teachers. It reviews much of the new factual material and many of the theories, old and new, related to the morphol- ogy and phylogeny of the angiosperms. Limitations in size of the book have restricted detailed descriptions and discussions of hypotheses, but the author believes that the important aspects of description and hy- pothesis are covered. In the manuscript, the names of plants that serve as examples are placed at the end of the sentence, set apart by a dash. The taxa cited are not necessarily the only examples. The viewpoint of the treatment is that of comparative rather than descriptive morphology, with emphasis on evolutionary modifications and phyletic implications. Velenovsky placed on the front page of his excel- lent textbook, "Vergleichende Morphologic," (1905-1913), these sen- — tences as a maxim: "Zur morphologische Losung werden wir wie immer —die vergleichende Methode in Anwendung bringen. Auf diese Wage vu
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