Morphology and Evolution of Turtles

576 Pages·2013·29.426 MB·English

by  Robert L. Carroll (auth.), Donald B. Brinkman, Patricia A. Holroyd, James D. Gardner (eds.)

Morphology and Evolution of Turtles
Vertebrate Paleobiology
and Paleoanthropology Series
Edited by
Eric Delson
Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History,
New York, NY 10024, USA
[email protected]
Eric J. Sargis
Anthropology, Yale University
New Haven, CT 06520, USA
[email protected]
Focaltopicsforvolumesintheserieswillincludesystematicpaleontologyofallvertebrates(fromagnathanstohumans),
phylogeny reconstruction, functional morphology, Paleolithic archaeology, taphonomy, geochronology, historical
biogeography, and biostratigraphy. Other fields (e.g., paleoclimatology, paleoecology, ancient DNA, total organismal
community structure) may be considered if the volume theme emphasizes paleobiology (or archaeology). Fields such as
modeling of physical processes, genetic methodology, nonvertebrates or neontology are out of our scope.
Volumes in the series may either be monographic treatments (including unpublished but fully revised dissertations) or
edited collections, especially those focusing on problem-oriented issues, with multidisciplinary coverage where possible.
Editorial Advisory Board
Nicholas Conard (University of Tübingen), John G. Fleagle (Stony Brook University), Jean-Jacques Hublin (Max
Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology), Ross D.E. MacPhee (American Museum of Natural History), Peter
Makovicky(TheFieldMuseum),SallyMcBrearty(UniversityofConnecticut),JinMeng(AmericanMuseumofNatural
History), Tom Plummer (Queens College/CUNY), Mary Silcox (University of Toronto).
For other titlespublished in thisseries, goto
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Morphology and Evolution
of Turtles
Proceedings of the Gaffney Turtle
Symposium (2009) in Honor
of Eugene S. Gaffney
Edited by
Donald B. Brinkman
Royal Tyrrell Museum, Midland Provincial Park, Highway 838
Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0, Canada
Patricia A. Holroyd
Museum of Paleontology, University of California, 1101 Valley Life
Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-4780, USA
James D. Gardner
Royal Tyrrell Museum, Midland Provincial Park, Highway 838
Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0, Canada
123
Editors
Donald B. Brinkman James D.Gardner
Royal TyrrellMuseum Royal TyrrellMuseum
Midland Provincial Park Midland Provincial Park
Highway 838 Highway 838
Drumheller, ABT0J 0Y0 Drumheller, ABT0J 0Y0
Canada Canada
Patricia A.Holroyd
Museumof Paleontology
Universityof California
1101Valley Life Sciences Building
Berkeley,CA 94720-4780
USA
ISSN 1877-9077 ISSN 1877-9085 (electronic)
ISBN 978-94-007-4308-3 ISBN 978-94-007-4309-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New YorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012937464
(cid:2)SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013
Chapter24:FossilEuropeanSeaTurtles:AHistoricalPerspective(cid:2)NHMTheNaturalHistoryMuseum2012
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Preface
With over 100 publications, many of monographic length, Gene Gaffney has brought
researchonfossilturtlestotheforefrontofpaleontologicalstudy.Hisworksetthestage
for the current explosion of research on fossil turtles, which is showing exceptional
potential for contributing to higher level concepts, such as the nature of evolutionary
processes, paleobiogeography, and paleoecology. Upon Gene’s retirement in 2007, the
consensusamongturtleresearcherswasthathisvaluablecontributiontoturtleresearch
should be recognized. An informal survey of researchers at the 2007 Society of
Vertebrate Paleontology meetings indicated that a dedicated meeting on fossil turtles
and turtle relationships, together with a Festschrift publication, was the most appro-
priate way to honor Gene.
The idea of a stand-alone meeting dedicated to fossil turtles follows a tradition
establishedbyFranceLapparent,whoorganizedthefirstinternationalmeetingonfossil
turtles in Paris, France, in 1983. Subsequent fossil turtle symposia were held at: the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA, in 1987; the University of
AlbertainEdmonton,Alberta,Canada(inconjunctionwiththe75thannualmeetingof
the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists), in 1995; and at the
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, Russia, in
2003.Atthetimeofwriting,plansarewellunderwayforhostingthenextsymposiumat
the University of Tu¨bingen, Germany, in 2012.
To emphasize that the meeting was being held in Gene’s honor, it was formally
named the ‘‘Gaffney Turtle Symposium’’, and quickly became known simply as
‘‘Gaffneyfest’’.ThesuccessofthemeetingwasproofofthehighesteeminwhichGeneis
valued by his peers. Held at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in October
2009, the meeting lasted 2 full days, featured 37 talks and 16 posters, and was attended
by approximately 100 people. In keeping with the desire to mark Gene’s latest career
milestone,themeetingwasagatheringofseveralgenerationsofresearchers.Oneendof
thespectrumwasrepresentedby6ofthe13attendeesattheoriginal1984Parismeeting
and by 2 of Gene’s classmates from university, all of whom made presentations. The
other end of the generational spectrum was represented by an equal number of pre-
sentations from researchers who were either within the final stages of their graduate
training or had graduated within the past year. And somewhere in the middle were
presenters who had never known a time when some of Gene’s classic papers, such as
‘‘ThesystematicsoftheNorthAmericanFamilyBaenidae(Reptilia,Cryptodira)’’(1972)
and ‘‘Comparative cranial morphology of Recent and fossil turtles’’ (1979) were not
available as standard references.
Many of the previous turtle meetings resulted in benchmark publications that have
playedakeyroleinthedevelopmentoffossilturtleresearch,andinsomecases,continue
to be standard references. The meeting in Paris in 1984 resulted in the first volume of
v
vi Preface
Vertebrata Paleochelonica, a series that included, among other topics, reviews of fossil
turtles from central Asia and Mongolia that provided western researchers with the first
easilyaccessibleoverviewofturtleresearchbeingundertakenintheSovietUnion.During
the second meeting at the American Museum of Natural History in 1987, attendees
received a compilation of translated papers on fossil turtles that fostered further devel-
opment of an international perspective by turtle researchers. Thus, it was clear in the
organizers’mindsthattohavealong-lastingimpact,theGaffneyTurtleSymposiummust
befollowedbyaFestschriftvolume.Itwasrecognizedearlyonbytheeditorialteamthat
tobeafittingtribute,theFestschriftideallyshouldcontainamixoffocusedpapersthat
wouldappealtospecialistsalongwithpapershavingabroaderscopethatwouldappealto
amoregeneralaudience.Forthelatter,wesolicitedseveralreview-stylepapersonsubjects
of current interest, such as the origins of turtles and development of the turtle shell.
Althoughtherearesomeobviousgapsinthisvolume(e.g.,nocomprehensiveanalysesof
turtle relationships or paleobiogeography), this Festschrift contains a broad range of
researchandreviewpapers,andwehopeitwillbeausefulresourceforyearstocome.
Don Brinkman got the ball rolling on this Festschrift project. Soon thereafter, Jim
GardnerandPatHolroydsteppeduptohelpthevolumecometofruition,bringingwith
them extensive experience as editors for the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Due to
theenthusiasticresponsetoourinvitationtocontributetoGene’sFestschrift,theeditors
realizedthevolumewouldhavetotaketheformofabook,ratherthanaspecialissueof
the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History as originally planned. At the
suggestionofWalterJoyce,theeditorsapproachedEricDelsonandEricSargiswiththe
ideaofincludingthisinSpringer’sVertebratePaleobiologyandPaleoanthropologyseries.
PatHolroyddidthekeyworkindraftingtheproposal,whichwaspositivelyreceivedby
Springer. Don Brinkman and Jim Gardner shared the workload in getting the manu-
scriptsandotherpartsofthetextreadyforpublication.Severalyearslater,thisvolume
is the final result of the editors’ and authors’ collective efforts.
Fig.1 LogofortheGaffneyTurtleSymposium
Fig.2 Traditional Chinese paintingpresented to EugeneGaffney duringthe Gaffney Turtle Symposium in
October2009
Acknowledgments
Many of the papers included in this volume were presented at the Gaffney Turtle
Symposium,heldinOctober2009attheRoyalTyrrellMuseumPalaeontologyinhonor
of Gene Gaffney. This symposium was made possible through the financial support of
The Cooperating Society of the Royal Tyrrell Museum, the American Museum of
Natural History, and a Community Spirit Grant from the Department of Culture and
Community Spirit of the Province of Alberta. The support of those organizations is
greatly appreciated, especially because it helped defray travel expenses for several
international participants who otherwise would not have been able to attend the sym-
posium.Thesymposiumalsowouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheassistanceofthe
organizingcommitteeandstaffoftheRoyalTyrrellMuseum.Aswell,theeditorsthank
the participants of the symposium, whose enthusiastic discussions led to the develop-
ment and refinement of many of the ideas presented in this volume.
Theroleofreviewersinthepeer-reviewprocessiscriticalforavolumeofthiskind.As
wellasgenerouslydonatingtheirtimeandenergy,thereviewersforthisvolumemaintained
a high degree of professionalism, provided constructive and supportive comments, and
returnedtheirreviewspromptly;allofthismadetheworkoftheeditorsmucheasier.For
theireffortsinreviewingmanuscripts,theeditorsthankthefollowingindividuals:
David Brockhurst, Richard Moody,
Ann Burke, Gary Morgan,
Edwin Cadina, Jacqueline Moustakas,
Bob Carroll, Hiroshi Nagashima,
Zolta´n Csiki, Jim Parham,
Igor Danilov, Larry Powell,
Mike Everhart, Ada´n Pe´rez-Garcı´a,
Andrew Farke, Ma´rton Rabi,
Nadia Fro¨bisch, Olivier Rieppel,
Marcelo de la Fuente, Pedro Seyferth Romano,
Emiliano Jime´nez Fuentes, Krister Smith,
Gene Gaffney, Juliana Sterli,
Donald Henderson, Steven Sweetman,
Ren Hirayama, Anthony Russell,
Howard Hutchison, Michael Ryan,
Walter Joyce, Juliana Sterli,
Ben Kear, Haiyan Tong,
Takuya Konishi, Matthew Vickaryous,
France Lapparent de Broin, Michael Wuttke,
Derek Larson, Chang-Fu Zhou,
Peter Meylan, and several anonymous reviewers.
Andrew Milner,
vii
viii Acknowledgments
Three of the above-listed reviewers (Igor Danilov, Walter Joyce, and Jim Parham)
deserve particular recognition, because they were called upon repeatedly and often at
short notice to review manuscripts for this volume.
We are grateful to Eric Delson and Eric Sargis (a.k.a. ‘‘the Erics’’), co-editors for
Springer’s Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Book Series, for their help
and guidance in shepherding this project from proposal to publication. Judith Terpos,
TamaraWelschot,andotherstaffatSpringeralsoprovidedinvaluablehelpinproducing
this volume. The Cooperating Society of the Royal Tyrrell Museum provided funds to
cover additional costs for printing some of the color figures in this volume.
Finally, we thank Gene Gaffney for his leadership and willingness to share infor-
mation and ideas about fossil turtles, paleontology, and science throughout his more
than thirty year career as a student of fossil turtles. His passionate interest in turtle
evolutionandtheinformationtheyprovideforstudyingtheprocessesandpatternsthat
have shaped the history of life, his openness in sharing unpublished information and
ideas, and his willingness to provide access to undescribed specimens have led to the
development of a uniquely collegiate atmosphere among fossil turtle researchers.
We hope this book, and the symposium that preceded it, demonstrate the esteem and
respect with which Gene and his work are held.
Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, 13 January 2012 Donald B. Brinkman and
James D. Gardner
Berkeley, California, USA, 13 January 2012 Patricia A. Holroyd
Contents
Part I Perspectives on the Life and Accomplishments of Eugene S. Gaffney
1 Eugene S. Gaffney: A Professional Biography and Bibliography. . . . . . . . . 3
Robert L. Carroll
2 Autobiography (Through May 2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Eugene S. Gaffney
Part II The Origin of Turtles
3 Problems of the Ancestry of Turtles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Robert L. Carroll
4 Origin of the Turtle Body Plan: The Folding Theory to Illustrate
Turtle-Specific Developmental Repatterning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Hiroshi Nagashima, Shigehiro Kuraku, Katsuhisa Uchida,
Yoshie Kawashima-Ohya, Yuichi Narita and Shigeru Kuratani
5 The Evolution of the Turtle Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Olivier Rieppel
6 Three Ways to Tackle the Turtle: Integrating Fossils, Comparative
Embryology, and Microanatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Torsten M. Scheyer, Ingmar Werneburg, Christian Mitgutsch,
Massimo Delfino and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra
7 Geometric and Developmental Perspectives on the Evolution
of the Skull and Internal Carotid Circulation in Turtles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Tetsuto Miyashita
Part III The Early Diversification of Turtles
8 New Material of the Platychelyid Turtle Notoemys zapatocaensis
from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia; Implications
for Understanding Pleurodira Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Edwin A. Cadena, Carlos A. Jaramillo and Jonathan I. Bloch
ix
x Contents
9 Spoochelys ormondea gen. et sp. nov., an Archaic Meiolaniid-Like Turtle
from the Early Cretaceous of Lightning Ridge, Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Elizabeth T. Smith and Benjamin P. Kear
10 Turtles from the Jurassic Shishugou Formation of the Junggar Basin,
People’s Republic of China, with Comments on the Basicranial Region
of Basal Eucryptodires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Donald B. Brinkman, David A. Eberth, Xing Xu, James M. Clark
and Xiao-Chun Wu
11 Rediscovery of the Carapace of the Lost Holotype of the Purbeck
Turtle Chelone obovata Owen 1842. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Andrew R. Milner
12 Kappachelys okurai gen. et sp. nov., a New Stem Soft-Shelled Turtle
from the Early Cretaceous of Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Ren Hirayama, Shinji Isaji and Tsuyoshi Hibino
13 Morphology and Relationships of Brachyopsemys tingitana gen. et sp. nov.
from the Early Paleocene of Morocco and Recognition of the
New Eucryptodiran Turtle Family: Sandownidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Haiyan Tong and Peter Meylan
Part IV Pleurodire Diversity and Biogeography
14 A New Long-Necked Turtle, Laganemys tenerensis
(Pleurodira: Araripemydidae), from the Elrhaz Formation
(Aptian–Albian) of Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Paul C. Sereno and Sara J. ElShafie
15 Two Synchronic and Sympatric Bothremydidae Taxa (Chelonii, Pleurodira)
in the Late Cretaceous Site of ‘‘Lo Hueco’’ (Cuenca, Spain). . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Adán Pérez-García, Francisco Ortega and Xabier Murelaga
16 New Information about Pelomedusoides (Testudines: Pleurodira)
from the Cretaceous of Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Pedro S. R. Romano, Gustavo R. Oliveira, Sergio A. K. Azevedo,
Alexander W. A. Kellner and Diogenes de Almeida Campos
17 Nostimochelone lampra gen. et sp. nov., an Enigmatic
New Podocnemidoidean Turtle from the Early Miocene
of Northern Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Georgios L. Georgalis, Evangelos Velitzelos, Dimitrios E. Velitzelos
and Benjamin P. Kear
18 A New Species of Bairdemys (Pelomedusoides: Podocnemididae)
from the Oligocene (Early Chattian) Chandler Bridge Formation
of South Carolina, USA, and Its Paleobiogeographic Implications
for the Genus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Robert E. Weems and James L. Knight