Morphology and Computation

308 Pages·1992·10.733 MB·ACL-MIT Series in Natural Language Processing

by  Richard Sproat

Morpholoagnyd
Computation
CopyrighMtaetde rial
ACL-MIPTr eSsesr iineN sa tuLraanlg uPargoec essing
AraviKn.Jd o sKhair,e Snp arJcokn easn,dM arYk. L ibermeadni,t ors
SpeakiFnrgo:m I ntenttioAo rnt iculabtyiW oinl,l eJmM. .L evelt
PlaRne cognitiinNo ant urLaaln guaDgiea logbuyeS, a ndCraar berry
CognitMiovdee losf S peecPhr ocessing: PsychaondlC ionmgpuuitsattiico nal
Perspecteivdeistb,e yGd e rrT.y MA.l tmann
ComputatiMoonraplh oloPgrya:c tiMceaclh anisfmostr h eE ngliLsehx icon,
byG raemDe.R itcGhriaeh,a Jm.R ussAellalWn,. B lacakn,dS tephGe.n
Pulman
MorpholoagnydC omputatbioyRn i, chSaprrdo at
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Morpholoagnyd RichaSrpdr oat
Computation
A BradfBoorodk
TheM ITP ress
CambriMdagses,a chusetts
LondoEnn,g land
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© 199M2a ssachusIentsttsi toufTt eec hnology
Alrli ghrtess ervNeod p.a rotf thbioso km ayb er eproduicnea dn yf ormb ya ny
electroornm iecc hanimceaaln (si ncludpihnogt ocopyriencgo,r dionrg ,
information asntdor reatgrei ewviatlh)o puetr missiinow nr itifnrgo mt he
publisher.
Seti nT imeRso manb yA scoT radTey pesettLitndPg.r intaendd b oundi nt he
UniteSdt atoefsA merica.
LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloging-in-PuDbaltiac ation
SproaRti,c haWridl liam.
Morpholoagnyd c omputation/Richard Sproat.
p. cm.-(ACLM-IT Pressse riienns a tural-language processing)
Includbeisb liograprheifecraelna cnedis n dex.
ISBN0 -262-19314-0
1.G rammarC,o mparatainvdeg eneral-Morphol2o.gG yr.a mmar,
Comparatainvdeg eneral-Morphologyp-rDoacteas siIn.gT .i tle.
II.S eries.
P241.S6179 92
415-dc20 91-32327
CIP
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Contents
Preface IX
IntroductioXIn
Chapt1er 1.1
ApplicatoifCo onmsp utational Introduction
Morphology1
1.2
NaturLaaln guagAep plication2s
1.3
SpeecAhp plication7s
1.4
WordP rocessin9g
1.5
DocumenRte trieval1 3
1.6
Conclusion1s4
Chapt2e r 2.1
TheN aturoefM orphology1 5 Introductio1n5
2.2
Functisoo nfM orphology 19
2.3
WhatI sC ombineadn,d H ow? 43
2.4
Morphemetsh,eS tructoufrW eo rds,
Copyrigh/ldru't1Wiea/d d-FormatRiuolne s 66
Contents VI
2.5
MorphotactTihceOs r:d eorf
Morphemes 83
2.6
Phonology 92
2.7
PsycholingEuviisdteincc e 109
2.8
FinaNlo te 122
2.9
FurthReera ding 123
Chapt3e r 3.1
ComputatiMoonraplh ology1 24 Introductio1n2 4
3.2
Computational Mechan1i2s5m s
3.3
AnOverviewofURKIMMO 145
3.4
Augmenttsot heK IMMO
Approach 153
3.5
TheC omputatioCnoamlp lexiotf y
Two-LevMeolr phology 171
3.6
OtheWra yso fD oinCgo mputational
Morphology 184
3.7
A ProspecWthuast:I sL eftt o
Do 205
3.8
FurthReera ding 214
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Contents VII
Chapt4e r 4.1
SomeP eripheIrsaslu es 215 Introductio2n1 5
4.2
MorphologiAccaqlui sitio2n15
4.3
CompounNdo minaalnsd R elated
Constructio2n3s0
Keyt oA bbreviatio2ns4 1
Glossary2 43
Notes 253
Reference2s6 9
Index 287
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Preface
Thibso oiksb aseodns omlee ctnuortete hsa atc compaant iuetdo irni al
morpholaongdcy o mputatmioornpahlo lwohgiycI ph r esetnht2ee7 dt h
AnnuMaele tionftg h Aes socifaotCrio omnp utatLiionngauli isnJt uinces ,
198L9i.kt eh teu tortihbaeol o,ik is n tentdose edr bvoet ahsa no vervoife w
thies siunem so rpholaongdcy o mputational amnodar sap r heovlioegwy
andc ritoifqt uhleei terianct oumrpeu tatmioornpahlo lIoh gayvt.er iteod
makoen lmyi nimaasls umptaiboonutsth r ee aderIsa hsispu.tm hea tth e
readkenro wsso methaibnoglu itn guainsidta sit lc esa ssotm ewfhaamti liar
witcho mputationalb ulItdi onn gouatis sstumimucecs mh,o rIen.p artic­
ulaIra ,s sunmoep articular okfmn oorwplheodlIgto ehg eyr;e cfoovraee r
faiarm ounotfm atertihaamlta yb eq uiftaem iltioaa nry ownheo h as
studmioerdp hology.
Theraera en umboefrp eopwlietw hh omIh avhea dp rofitdaibslceu s­
sioonnst hmea tercioanlt aihneerdeo irnf ,r owmh omI havree ceived
usefcuolm menItw so.u lpda rticluilktaeora lcyk nowlSetdegAvene d er­
sonB,o bB erwiKceknC, h urcJha,nP eite rrehuamnbdEe vretl,yT nzeo u­
kermaSnpne.c tihaaln tkosm yr eadeJruslH,ii ar schRboebrF gr,e nch,
KathlKeaenneF ,e rnanPdeor eiErvae,l yTnzeo ukermaanndSn u,s anne
Wolfff,oc ro mmentoinen agr ldirearaf ntodsff ervianlgu asbulgeg esIt ions.
furtthhearnC ko nraSda bouorfiP na rali(nPg.uBOao. x 1 87S,n owdon,
MontrQeuaelb,e Cca,n adH3aX 3 T4f)o arl lowmiena gc cetsohs i esx ten­
sivbei bliogorfwa oprhkyis nm orpholaongdcy o mputatmioornpahlo l­
ogyIw. o uladl sloi tkoet hamnykw ifCeh,i lSihni,f h odri scusosfsi oomnes
of ttohpeic cosv eirnet dhb ioso aksw elalsf olro vaen sdu pport.
FinaIlw loyu lldi kteoa cknowloendeog teh fecart otrh:re e seaernc­h
vironmaetBn etlL la bIsn.m yo wne xperienqcuea,l iwtthwiioec hsha ve
traditiboenemanol slhtyi ghplryi zaettd h Lea basr ber eadotfsh c holar­
shiapn dc riteivcaallu aotfii doenna osm attwehra tth epirro venaIntc e.
mayw elblet hcea se that thiasd ebqouoackto evflseayori m laess pteoc ts
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Preface x
ofm orpholoorcg oym putatmioornpahlo loro tghyam,ty c ritoifqo unee
ora notahpeprr otaoac p hr oblenmo stiu sffic ietnhtolryo Buegt hh.aa tsi t
mayI,a mc onfidtehnamtty f ialiinntg hse asree waosu lhda vbee emnu ch
greaitfIeh ra dn obte eenx posteotd h set imuleantviinrgo namtBe enltl
Labs.
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Introduction
Supposyeo ua reb uildian sgy ntacptaircs feorr E nglisOhn.eo ft hep ieces
youw ilnle edi sa modulteo t elylo uw hatw ordtsh eraer ei nE ngliasnhd
whatt heiprr opertairee(s e .pga.r,ot f s peecshu,b categoriaznadtt ieonns e
informatfioorvn e rbsse,m antpirco perteitecs.I,)n t. h es implemsotd elf or
sucha moduleo,n ew ouldh avea dictionaaprpyr opriaatrerlayn gfeodr
easya ccesasn dw ouldj uslto oku p wordsi nt hed ictionwahreyn o ne
needetdo T.h ev ietwh awto rdr ecogniitsim oenr elay m atteorfd ictionary
lookuipsc ertaivnilayb ilnec ertacians eTso.y p arsisnygs teomrsp arsing
systewmist hs malclo veradgoen otn eedt oa ssummeo ret hant hiAsn.d
speecrhe cognitsiyosnt ecmasn u suallmya ket hea ssumptiaotpn r esent,
sincteh eviorc abuliasrs ye verleilmyi tiensd i zbey c urretnetc hnology.
Stiolnle,m ighotb sertvhea att l eassto mew ordf ormssh oulndo th ave
tob ei nt hed ictionianor ryd etro b er ecognizIenEd n.g lifsohr,e xample,
plurfaolr mosf n ounasr em ostlfyo rmebdy a versyi mplper ocesasn,di t
shoultdh erefnoortbe e n ecesstahraytt h ew orda ardvabreki sn t hed ictio­
naryr;a theorn,ew ouldl istth es ingulfaorr ma,a rdvaarnkd,c omputteh e
plurfaolr mw heno nefi ndsi ti na texbty m eanso fa r ulteh arte movetsh e
-soS incteh ev asmta joriotfyE nglinsohu nfso rmt heiprl urablysa dding
somev ariaonf-t s i,ti sw asteftuoll i sbto ths ingualnadrp lurfaolr mwsh en
onec anj uslti stth es ingufloarrm a ndd eritvheep lurfaolr mb ym eanso fa
rulSei.m ilawrelk yn,o wt haEtn glivsehr b(ss ubjteocc te rtariens trictions)
cant akteh es uffix- ert of orma gentiovrei nstrumennotuanls S.i milarly,
we knowt hamta nya djecticvaents a ket hes uffix- nesst of ormn ouns
'
meanin'gt hset atoefx ,w herxe i st hem eaninogft hea djectIinvv ei.e owf
thep roductiovfti hteys meo rphologpircoacle ssietis sm, i ssitnhgep ointto
simpllyi satlt lh ew ordcso ntaintihnegsm eo rphemes (tshoomuegm hi ght
havteo b el istseudc,ah s t hose htahvaeit d iosyncirnatteircp retations).
Onem ighto,fc ourssei,m pliyg norteh esoeb servatainodnc so ntinue
ef8H}''lfBh��
addinwgo rdosn ee ncou 8rlflla?J�Alhed ictionCaerryt.a itnhley