Morphological Investigation of Perissonoë crucifera (Kitton) Desikachary & al. Collected from Japan

2007·0.61 MB·English

by  Tsuyoshi Watanabe

植物研究雑誌
J.Jpn.Bot.
82:296–304(2007)
Morphological Investigation of Perissonoë crucifera (Kitton)
Desikachary & al. Collected from Japan
Tsuyoshi WATANABEa, Hidekazu SUZUKIa, Tamotsu NAGUMOb and Jiro TANAKAa
aDepartmentofOceanSciences,TokyoUniversityofMarineScienceandTechnology,
4–5–7,Konan,Minato-ku,Tokyo,108-8477JAPAN;
E-mail:[email protected]
bDepartmentofBiology,TheNipponDentalUniversity,
1–9–20,Fujimi,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo,102-8159JAPAN
(ReceivedonApril28,2007)
The tropical and subtropical marine diatom taxon Perissonoë crucifera (Kitton)
Desikachary&al.,wasobtainedfromthecoastofIriomoteIsland,OkinawaPref.,forthe
first time from Japan. Frustule is quadrate in valve view, composed of two valves, a
valvocopula and a pleura. Each valvocopula and pleura comprises four quarter bands
(QBVandQBP)withfourcornerbands(CBVandCBP)coveringtheopeningsbetween
QBs.CBPextendsalongthebottomsidesoftwopleurae.Granulesarescatteredoverthe
outer surface of a valve. In a mantle, many granules and small areolae are alternately
arranged in a line. On both surfaces of a QB, areolae are arranged in a single line like
those on a valve. Areolae on a valve and mantle are occluded by concentric rotae and
are supported by two to four spokes. In the apical pore fields, there are smaller areolae
perforated by rota-like segments.
Keywords:Bacillariophyta,cornerband(CB),Perissonoëcrucifera,quarterband(QB),
valve morphology.
Perissonoë crucifera was originally and subtropical marine waters of the Indian,
described as Amphitetras crucifera Kitton Atlantic and Pacific Oceans but has never
(Kitton and Pritchard 1861) and later trans- been reported from Japan (Janisch and
ferred to the genus Rhaphoneis Ehrenb. Rabenhorst 1863, Kitton 1867, Hendey
(Hagelstein 1938). The genus Perissonoë 1970, Foged 1975, Li 1978, Giffen 1980,
was established by Andrews and Stoelzel Desikachary and Prema 1987, Desikachary
(1984) based on Amphitetras cruciata et al. 1987, Desikachary 1989, Beltrones and
Janisch & Rabenhorst with the second spe- Castrejón 1999) nor have any living cells
cies P. trigona (Grunow) Andrews & been observed. According to Andrews and
Stoelzel.Desikacharyetal.(1987)notedthat Stoelzel (1984), this taxon thrives best in
P. cruciata was a synonym of P. crucifera, clear, shallow and moderately agitated ma-
the latter having nomenclatural priority; they rine waters of high productivity. It attaches
added the third species P. pentagona to hard inorganic substrates.
Desikachary & al. Perissonoë crucifera is The genus Perissonoë belongs in the fam-
found in recent materials and P. trigona has ily Rhaphoneidaceae and it is closely related
been reported from both recent and fossil to Rhaphoneis and Delphineis as they share
marine waters in the Miocene (Hajós 1974). similarities of valve structure and morphol-
Perissonoë crucifera occurs in tropical ogy of areolae and rimoportulae (Round
—296—
October2007 JournalofJapaneseBotanyVol.82No.5 297
Figs.1–4. Perissonoë crucifera. Fig. 1. Valve view in LM with aquarter band (left). Fig. 2.
ValveviewinLM.Fig.3.ValveviewinTEM.Fig.4.Enlargementofthepartwithaster-
iskinFig.3.Showingtheapicalporefield(upperright)andareolaeocclusion.Somesmall
poresofapicalporefieldshavingrota-likesegments.Scalebars(cid:1)10µm(Figs.1–3),1µm
(Fig.4).
et al. 1990). paired lips. Some taxa lack rimoportulae
According to Andrews and Stoelzel while others have one to four. Perissonoë
(1984), the girdle of Perissonoë crucifera, crucifera has two in the adjacent angles.
whichconsistsoffoursegments,islocatedat Morphological information available for
each side of the valve. Pores occur in a the girdle is poor, especially for araphid
single row and are arranged near the margin diatoms, although some information is avail-
of a segment. The segment is warped to fit able (Tanaka and Nagumo 2004).
the edge of the valve; each segment termi- Morphological information of the girdle is
nates with rounded ends. Round et al. (1990) sparse in Perissonoë. The girdle morphology
described the apical pore fields as clusters of of Perissonoë and the related genera
small areolae without vela, occurring at each Rhaphoneis and Delphineis have not been
angle of a valve. The rimoportulae are observed in detail (Andrews 1975, 1977,
located in the center of each angle and have 1981, Round et al. 1990).
298 植物研究雑誌 第82巻 第5号 平成19年10月
This study presents details of the fine cover glass was replaced with a copper mesh
structure of a valve and a girdle of Perisso- grid.
noë crucifera for the first time. LM observations were undertaken using a
Nikon Optiphot. SEM observations were un-
Materials and Methods dertaken using Hitachi S-4000 and S-5000 at
Specimens of Perissonoë crucifera were an accelerating voltage of 2 or 3 kV. TEM
obtained from three samples taken on the observations were undertaken a JOEL-
coastofIriomoteIsland(24º21´N,123º43´E), 2000EX.
Okinawa Prefecture, southern Japan. One Morphological terminology follows
samplewascollectedbyT.NagumoonApril Hendy (1959), Anonymous (1975), von
24th 1982 (TN 0500), the other two were Stosch (1975), Ross et al. (1979), Cox
collected by T. Watanabe on October 16th (2004) and Kobayasi et al. (2006).
and 17th 2005 (TW 0018, TW 0025). The
samples were collected from neighboring Results and Discussion
localities where the seagrass Thalassia The samples from the shore of Iriomote
hemprichii (Ehnenberg) Ascherson, and Island were collected during the spring low
seaweeds Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. tideatawaterdepthof0.5–1.5m.Thewater
Agardh, Halimeda opuntia (L.) Lamouroux, was clear and the sediments contain a few
Acetabularia ryukyuensis Okamura & living organisms in our localities. Single
Yamada and Neomeris annulata Dikcie frustules of Perissonoë crucifera attaches to
occur. the small sand grains; the species does not
The samples contained hard organic mat- form colonies nor does it attach to the larger
ter composed mostly of sand grains and a sand grains or to living organisms such as
few dead coral parts. They were treated with algae and seagrasses. Delphineis occurs
the bleaching method (Nagumo and prominently in eutrophic waters as long
Kobayasi 1990, Nagumo 1995) as described chains in the plankton (Fryxell and Miller
below. 1978).
The sample containing living specimens Andrews and Stoelzel (1984) collected
was washed 5 times with distilled water. A Perissonoë crucifera from two localities in
drop of bleaching agent or a sodium Barbados, West Indies. The first one a fring-
hypochlorite (NaClO) solution was added to ing reef near the shore at the water depth of
a drop of washed sample on a slide glass and 3–5 m, and the second one a submerged bar-
leftfor1to3minutes.Somespecimenswere rier reef platform about 0.6 km from the
selectedfromthesampleandwashed5times shore at a water depth of approximately
in distilled water using a glass capillary pi- 10 m. Perissonoë appears to thrive best in
pette on a glass slide under a light micro- clear, shallow, moderately agitated marine
scope (LM). The specimens were finally waters, with a preference for a firm substrate
transferred to cover glasses that were dried for attachment; it does not attach to living
on a hot plate. Some cover glasses were then substrates.
mounted on to slides using mount medium Perissonoë crucifera has been reported
(Pleurax) for LM observations while other from Taiwan at about 23ºN for its northern
cover glasses were mounted on stubs for limit (Li 1978) to Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The at 6ºS (Foged 1975) for its southern limits.
stubs were coated with platinum using a According to Andrews and Stoelzel (1984),
Hitachi E-1030 ion sputter coater. For trans- Perissonoë thrives between 30º north and
mission electron microscopy (TEM), the south in tropical and subtropical marine
October2007 JournalofJapaneseBotanyVol.82No.5 299
Figs.5–8. Perissonoë crucifera. SEM. Fig. 5. Valve view. Figs. 6A– 6D. Enlargement of four corners of
AtoDinFig.5.Notevalvocopulaandpleuraareseparatedatallcorners.Anapicalporefieldconsists
ofsomesmallporesoccludedbyrota-likesegmentsinFig.6D.Fig.7.Enlargementofareolaeoccluded
by rota. Fig. 8. Rotae and spinules on valve shoulder. EV(cid:1)epivalve, QBP(cid:1)quarter band of pleura,
QBV(cid:1)quarterbandofvalvocopula.Scalebars(cid:1)10µm(Fig.5),1µm(Figs.6–8).
300 植物研究雑誌 第82巻 第5号 平成19年10月
Figs.9–14. Perissonoëcrucifera.SEM.Figs.9,10.Externalviewofthecorner.ArrowshowsQB
sideofhorseshoe-shapedCB.Fig.11.WholeaQBV.Fig.12.EdgeofQBV.Enlargementofthe
partwithasteriskinFig.11.Noteasinglerowofareolaeliesonavalvocopula.Areolaeshape
issimilartovalveones.Fig.13.Sideviewofanepitheca.Fig.14.Enlargementofthepartwith
asterisk in Fig. 13. Note CBP is stretched towards the center (arrow). CBP(cid:1)corner band of
pleura, CBV(cid:1)corner band of valvocopula, EV(cid:1)epivalve, HV(cid:1)hypovalve, QBP(cid:1)quarter
bandofpleura,QBV(cid:1)quarterbandofvalvocopula.Scalebars(cid:1)1µm(Figs.9–10,12,14),10
µm(Fig.11),5µm(Fig.13).
October2007 JournalofJapaneseBotanyVol.82No.5 301
waters. Our localities (24º21´N) are the most Interstriae and sternae are raised above the
northern reported so far. innersurfaceofavalve(Fig.15).Thesessile
The valves of Perissonoë crucifera are rimoportulae have paired lips and occur near
quadrate in valve view, and its margin is al- the angles of apical pore fields on both sur-
most straight or undulate (Figs. 1–3, 5). The faces of the valve (Figs. 15–18).
distance between opposing apices of a valve Rimoportulae are common in three genera,
is 22 to 29 µm. The valve face is plain with but their number per a valve differs from
a shallow mantle (Fig. 5). Granules are each other. Rhaphoneis and Delphineis have
found on the external valve surface (Fig. 7) two rimoportulae per a valve.
but not on the internal one. A single row of The epicingulum consists of two bands, a
spinules, which are ridged, also occurs on valvocopula and pleura (Figs. 5, 6A). The
thevalveshoulder(Fig.8,aboutvalveshoul- valvocopula is composed of four quarter
der see Kobayasi et al. 2006, p. 28, fig. 18). bands (quarter band of valvocopula = QBV)
Thoseareolaeandspinulesarealternatelyar- and four corner bands (corner band of
ranged in a row (Figs. 8, 9). Granules are valvocopula = CBV), the latter covering the
found on the valve surfaces of species in open ends of the QBs (Figs. 6A–D, 9, 10).
Perissonoë and Rhaphoneis. Spinules or The pleura has the same structure as the
round spines are found on the valve shoulder valvocopula (quarter band of pleura = QBP
of Perissonoë and Delphineis. The spinules and corner band of pleura = CBP in Figs.
of Perissonoë have a wrinkled surface, 6A–D, 9, 10), although the valvocopula is
whereas the round or blunt spines of thicker than the pleural band when widths
Delphineis do not (see round spines of D. are compared (Figs. 9, 10, 13). QBs warp to
surirella (Ehrenberg) Andrews in Andrews fit the edges of the valve, each band having
1981, Fig. 1; blunt spines like small teeth of a rounded end (Figs. 11, 12). Granules are
D. karstenii (Boden) Fryxell in Fryxell and scattered on external surface of both the
Miller 1978, Figs. 1–4). Sterna are present, valvocopula and pleura (Figs. 6A–D) but are
radiating from the center but does not form a absent from the internal surface (Fig. 12).
perfect cross (Figs. 1–3, 5). The striae are Both QBV and QBP have a single row of
uniseriate, curving slightly towards the round areolae (Figs. 6A, 6B). Areola of QB
sterna (Figs. 1–3, 5). Areolae are round, is occluded by rota, with a structure identical
occluded by rotae with concentric slits sup- to that on the valve surface (Fig. 12). The
ported by two to four spokes, slightly in- shape of CB differs between valvocopula
dented (Figs. 5, 7, 8). Rota consisted of and pleura. CBV forms a triangle plate (Fig.
concentric slit with two to four spokes, is 16). On the other hand, CBP extends along
common among species in Perissonoë and the lower sides of two QBPs (Figs. 9, 10,
Rhaphoneis. Apical pore fields occur at each 13); the lower side is undulated to fit the
of the four angles (apices) of a valve (Figs. pleurae(Figs.9,14).The‘horseshoe’shaped
3–6). The specially reduced smaller areolae part of CB fits to QB (Fig. 10). The relation-
of the apical pore fields are perforated by ship between the various components of the
rota-like segment (Figs. 4, 6). The external epitheca is illustrated in a schematic drawing
openings of the rimoportulae are close to the (Fig. 19).
apical pore fields (Figs. 9, 10). Apical pore The girdle of P. trigona and P. pentagona
fields without velum is observed in species have never been observed, so it is not known
of Rhaphoneis. Onthe other hand, in whether their bands are separate or closed.
Delphineis, there are one or two small apical QB and CB described in this study are not
pores representing the apical pore field. only known in any closely related genera nor
302 植物研究雑誌 第82巻 第5号 平成19年10月
Figs.15–18. Perissonoë crucifera. SEM. Fig. 15. Internal view. Fig. 16. Enlargement of the part with
asteriskinFig.15.Noterimoportula(arrowhead)isseenbetweenareolaeandapicalporefields.Fig.17.
Externalandinternalviewofvalvesofthesamecell.Arrowsshowexternalopeningsofrimoportulaand
arrowheads show rimoportula. Fig. 18. Enlargement of the part with asterisk in Fig. 17. Arrow shows
external opening of rimoportula and arrowhead shows rimoportula. Scale bars(cid:1)10 µm (Figs. 15, 17),
5µm(Fig.18),1µm(Fig.16).
any other diatom taxa. the size of the parent pleurae. Usually a
ItisclearthatCBcoverstheslitsofQBas pleura is closed or open only at one side.
a ligula. Thus, one might ask why QB is Such pleura can never change the valve size.
separated into four segments. It is suggested In P. crucifera, the daughter cell is not
thatthefoursegmentsofQBsarerequiredto restricted to its parent valve size and can
cope with the size reduction of a cell. The retain approximately the original size
valves and pleurae are formed within the because the pleurae are free from each other
parent frustule, as diatoms have the peculiar by being separated as QBs.
property that the mean cell size usually Andrews and Stoelzel (1984) suggested
decreases with each cell division within a that P. crucifera may be variant of P.
population (Round et al. 1990). The pleurae trigona;asthelatteroccursasafossilandits
are formed within a valve, and therefore the morphological features appear intermediate
size of the daughter valves are restricted to between those two taxa. QBs and CBs of P.
October2007 JournalofJapaneseBotanyVol.82No.5 303
Fig.19. Schematicdrawingofseveralcomponentsofanepithecain
Perissonoë crucifera. CBP(cid:1)corner band of pleura, CBV(cid:1)cor-
ner band of valvocopula, EV(cid:1)epivalve, QBP(cid:1)quarter band of
pleura,QBV(cid:1)quarterbandofvalvocopula.
crucifera are unique among the related spe- References
cies. This girdle structure acquired in its AndrewsG.W.1975.Taxonomyandstratigraphicoc-
evolutionary process may be one of the spe- currence of the marine diatom genus Rhaphoneis.
cialization strategies for the epipsammic NovaHedwigiaBeih. 52:193–227.
1977. Morphology and stratigraphic significance
niche.
of Delphineis, anew marine diatom genus. Nova
Andrews and Stoelzel (1984) concluded
HedwigiaBeih. 53:243–260.
that Perissonoë is closely related to Rhapho- 1981. Revision of the diatom genus Delphineis
neis and Delphineis, and Perissonoë is per- and morphology of Delphineis surirella
haps closer to the rhombic-lanceolate forms (Ehrenberg) G. W. Andrews, n. comb.In: Ross R.
(ed.),Proceedingsofthe6thSymposiumonRecent
ofRhaphoneisthanDelphineis.Furthermore,
and Fossil Diatoms. pp. 81–92. O. Koeltz,
morphological and ecological features of
Koenigstein.
Perissonoë differ from Delphineis.
andStoelzelV.A.1984.Morphologyandevolu-
tionary significance of Perissonoë, anew marine
We are grateful to Dr. David M. Williams diatomgenus.In:MannD.G.(ed.),Proceedingsof
(Department of Botany, The Natural History the7thInternationalDiatomSymposium.pp.225–
240.SciencePublishers,Konigstein.
Museum) for helpful discussion and critical
Anonymous 1975. Proposals for a standardization of
comments on the manuscript. We also thank
diatomterminologyanddiagnoses.NovaHedwigia
Dr. Richard M. Crawford (Alfred Wegener Beih.52:323–354.
Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung) for BeltronesD.A.andCastrejónE.S.1999.Structureof
improving our English. benthic diatom assemblages from mangrove envi-
ronmentinMexicansubtropicallagoon.Biotropica
31:48–70.
304 植物研究雑誌 第82巻 第5号 平成19年10月
Cox E. J. 2004. Pore occlusion in raphid diatoms – a Leipzig.
reassessment of their structure and terminology, Kitton F. 1867. The genus Amphitetras. Hardwicke’s
with particular reference to members of the ScienceGossipIIIpp.271–272,London.
Cymbellales.Diatom 20:33–46. and Pritchard A. 1861. A History of Infusoria
Desikachary T. V. 1989. Marin diatoms of the Indian Including the Desmidiaceae and Diatomaceae.
Oceanregion.Atlasofdiatoms.FascileVI,pp.1– British and Foreign. 858 pp. Whittaker and Co.,
27. TT. Maps & Publications Private Limited, London.
Madras. Kobayasi H., Idei M., Mayama S., Nagumo T. and
and Prema P. 1987. Diatoms from the Bay of Osada K. 2006. H. Kobayasi’s Atlas of Japanese
Bengal.Atlasofdiatoms.FascileIII.pp.1–10.TT. Diatoms Based on Electron Microscopy. Vol. 1.
Maps&PublicationsPrivateLimited,Madras. 531 pp. Uchida Rokakuho Publishing Company,
,GowthamanS.,HemaA.,PrasadA.K.S.K.and Tokyo(inJapanese).
Prema P. 1987. Genus Perissonoë (Fragilariaceae, Li C. W. 1978. Notes on marine littoral diatoms of
Bacillariophyceae)fromtheIndianOcean.Current Taiwan I. Some diatoms of Pescadores. Nova
Sci.56:879–882. Hedwigia39:787–812.
FogedN.1975.Somelittoraldiatomsfromthecoastof Nagumo T. 1995. Simple and safe cleaning methods
Tanzania.Bibliot.Phycol. 16:3–126. fordiatomsamples.Diatom 10:88.
Fryxell G. A. and Miller W. I. 1978. Chain forming andKobayasiH.1990.Thebleachingmethodfor
diatoms: three araphid species. Bacillaria 1: 113– gently loosening and cleaning a single diatom
136. frustule.Diatom 5:45–50.
Giffen M. H. 1980. A checklist of marine littoral dia- Ross R., Cox E. J., Karayeva N. I., Mann D. G.,
toms from Mahe, Seychelles Islands. Bacillaria 3: Paddock T. B. B., Simonsen R. and Sims P. A.
129–159. 1979. An amended terminology for the siliceous
Hagelstein R. 1938. The diatomaceae of Porto Rico component of the diatom cell. Nova Hedwigia
andVirginIslands.NewYorkAcad.Sci.Surveyof Beih.64:513–533.
PortoRicoandVirginIsland 8:313–450. Round F. E., Crawford R. M. and Mann D. G. 1990.
Hajós M. 1974. Faciological and stratigraphic impor- TheDiatoms.Biologyandmorphologyofthegen-
tance of the Miocene diatoms in Hungary. Nova era. 747 pp. Cambridge University Press,
HedwigiaBeih. 45:365–390. Cambridge.
Hendey N. I. 1959. The structure of the diatom cell Tanaka H. and Nagumo, T. 2004. Four cyclotelloid
wall as revealed by the electron microscope. J. taxa characterized by a ligula-like segment on
QuekettMicr. 5:147–175. valvocopula, In: Poulin M. (ed.), Proceedings of
1970. Some littoral diatoms of Kuwait. Nova the 17th International Diatom Symposium. pp.
HedwigiaBeih. 31:107–167. 399–409.Biopress,Bristol.
Janisch C. and Rabenhorst L. 1863. Ueber Meeres von Stosch H. A. 1975. An amended terminology of
diatomaceen von Honduras, Beiträge zur näheren thediatomgirdle.NovaHedwigiaBeih. 52:1–36.
Kenntnis und Verbreitung der Algen I, pp. 1–16,
渡辺 剛a, 鈴木秀和a, 南雲 保b, 田中次郎a：本
邦新産珪藻 Perissonoë crucifera (Kitton) Desika-
chary&al.の形態 小片は他の分類群では観察されたことがなく, P.
沖縄県西表島で採取した砂粒に着生していた cruciferaに特徴的な構造である. 殻面は顆粒状突
Perissonoë crucifera (Kitton) Desikachary & al.の光 起が散在し, 殻肩には小針が1列に並ぶ. 条線は
学顕微鏡, 走査電子顕微鏡および透過電子顕微鏡 1列の胞紋により構成され, 殻套にも同様の胞紋
による殻微細構造を報告する. 本分類群は本邦初 が1列並ぶ. 胞紋は輪形篩板により閉塞される.
記録である. 殻形は四角形で, 殻端はやや突出す 輪形篩板は同心円状の間隙をもち, 2から4本の
る. 半被殻は殻, 接殻帯片および連結帯片よりな 棒状体によって支持される. 殻端小孔域は多数の
る. 帯片は接殻帯片, 連結帯片ともに4カ所で分 小孔によって構成され, 小孔は篩板様の構造
離する (それぞれ四分接殻帯片QBV, 四分連結 (rota-like segment) をもつ. 唇状突起の数は1か
帯片QBPとする). 2種の四分帯片間の隙間には ら4個で, それぞれ各殻端に存在する.
それを裏打ちする小片 (それぞれ接殻小片CBV, (a東京海洋大学,
連結小片CBPとする) がある. この四分帯片と b日本歯科大学)