Morphogenesis in Plants: Molecular Approaches PDF
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Morphogenesis in Plants Molecular Approaches NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which alms at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO SCientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and Physical Sciences K1uwer Academic Publishers o Behavioral and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Barcelona 'I Global Environmental Change Recent Volumes In this Series Volume 250 -Use of Biomarkers in Assessing Health and Environmental Impacts of Chemical Pollutants edited by Curtis C. Travis Volume 251 -Ion Flux in Pulmonary Vascular Control edited by E. Kenneth Weir, Joseph R. Hume, and John T. Reeves Volume 252 -Advances in Bacterial Paracrystalline Surface Layers edited by Terry J. Beveridge and Susan F. Koval Volume 253 -Morphogenesis in Plants: Molecular Approaches edited by Kalliopi A. Roubelakis-Angelakis and Kiem Tran Thanh Van Volume 254 -Slow Potential Changes in the Human Brain edited by W. C. McCallum and S. H. Curry Volume 255 -Quantitative Assessment in Epilepsy Care edited by H. Meinardi, J. A. Cramer, G. Baker, and A. Martins da Silva Volume 256 -Advances in the Biomechanics of the Hand and Wrist edited by F. Schuind, K. N. An, W. P. Cooney III, and M. Garcia-Elias Series A: Ufe Sciences Morphogenesis in Plants Molecular Approaches Edited by Kalliopi A. Roubelakis-Angelakis University of Crete Heraklion, Greece and Kiem Tran Thanh Van CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette, France Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Plant Morphogenesis: Molecular Approaches, held September 5-17, 1992, in Crete, Greece NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30,000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: —via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, I-00044 Frascati, Italy —via CD-ROM "NATO Science and Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French, and German (©WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies, Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM also contains the AGARD Aerospace Database. The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Morphogenesis in plants: molecular approaches / edited by Kalliopi A. Roubelakis-Angelakis and Kiem Tran Thanh Van. p. cm.—(NATO ASI series. A, Life sciences; vol. 253) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Plant Morphogenesis: Molecular Ap proaches, held September 5-17, 1992, in Crete, Greece"—T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4899-1267-1 1. Plant morphogenesis—Congresses. 2. Plant molecular biology—Congresses. I. Roubelakis- Angelakis, Kalliopi A. (Kalliopi Apostólos) II. Tran Thanh Van, Kiem. III. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Plant Morphogenesis: Molecular Approaches (1992: Crete, Greece) IV. Series: NATO ASI series. Series A, Life sciences; v. 253. OK665.M68 1993 93-20954 581.3'32—dc20 CIP ISBN 978-1-4899-1267-1 ISBN 978-1-4899-1265-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-1265-7 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PROLEGOMENA Regeneration of plants from various types and sizes of explants has a history of almost a century. Also, plant regeneration from plant cells devoid of cell wall, the protoplasts, was firstly achieved in 1971. However, the success so far has been mostly based on trial and error efforts without studying much in depth the physiological, biochemical and molecular factor(s) and mechanism(s) which control at the molecular, cellular and explant level the morphogenic behaviour of protoplasts and plant explants. The regeneration process includes two events which are of central importance for all living systems, including plants: cell division and morphogenesis. Not all plant species or even genotypes within each species show the same cell proliferating potential and morpho genic expression, at cell, callus and explant level, under identical culture conditions. Despite the painstaking long experimentation efforts, some of the most important plant genera for the mankind including most cereals, legumes and woody species, still show recalcitrance, that is the inability to express regenerating potential, either as cell division in vitro or as morpho genic response. The application of molecular biology techniques in plants has significantly contributed in understanding physiological and biochemical functions at the gene level. The use of these techniques for elucidating the basic mechanism(s) of the processes involved in plant cell division and morphogenesis may eventually help to overcome the problem of recalcitrance. Consequently, the application of plant tissue culture and genetic engineering techniques may lead to the production of modified transgenic plants displaying new useful traits even in the case of recalcitrant species. Within this context, attention has been paid by the contributing authors on current status of knowledge concerning the physiological, biochemical and molecular events underlying plant morphogenesis processes. The comprehensive reviews which are included in this volume were authored by the main lecturers of a NATO-Advanced Study Institute which was held in Heraklion, Crete from 5 to 17 of September 1992. The information in these reviews is directed at advanced students and professionals in the plant sciences: physiologists, biochemists, molecular biologists or those in horticultural, agricultural and forestry sciences. It is also intended that the book should serve as a text and guide to the literature for graduate level courses in Plant Morpho genesis or Plant Molecular Biology. We would like to cordially thank the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO and espe cially Dr. L. da Cunha for having approved this ASI-Seminar and partially fmancing its im plementation. Assistance of Ms. N. Clark and Mr. G. Safford, on behalf of the publishers, is gratefully acknowledged. We are also thankful to Ms. K. Efthimiopoulos for correcting the English. The production of the final copy was accomplished from author-submitted computer v vi MORPHOGENESIS IN PlANTS discs by Mrs D. Daskalou and P. Vlahou at the Crete University Press, whose efforts are gratefully acknowledged. Last but not least, we would like to thank Ms. S. Toufexis for her tireless assistance during the preparation of this volume. Kalliopi A. Roubelakis-Angelakis and Kiem Tran Thanh Van HerakJion, Greece April 1993 CONTENTS Morphogenic Signals and Markers in vitro and in vivo. 1 D.Osborne In vitro Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis: Physiological and Biochemical Aspects. 19 T.A.Thorpe Relation between Some Cytological, Biochemical, Molecular Markers and Plant Morphogenesis. 39 K. Tran Thanh Van and C.A. Gendy What Is the Significance of the Relatively Large Tubulin Multigene Families for Plant Morphogenesis? 55 D.E. Fosket, H. Tonoike, I-S. Han, and A. Col6n Polyarnines and Morphogenesis in Normal and Transgenic Plant Cultures. 89 N. Bagni, M.M. Altamura, S. Biondi, M. Mengoli, and P. Torrigiani Polyarnines and Morphogenesis in Monocots: Experimental Systems and Mechanisms of Action. 113 A.F. Tiburcio, J.L Campos, X. Figueras, M. Marc~ T. Capell, R. Riera, and R. T. Besford The Molecular Basis of Cell Cycle Control in Arabidopsis thaliana. 137 D. Inz~ , P. Ferreira, A. Hemerly, G. Segers, L. De Veylder, J. Engler, G. Engler, and M.Van Montagu Developmental and Abscisic Acid Regulation of Gene Expression during Embryogenesis. 145 P. Hatzopoulos Molecular Studies of Shoot Meristem Activity during the Vegetative -to-Floral Transition. 161 A.J. Kelly and D.R. Meeks-Wagner vii viii MORPHOGENESIS IN PLANTS Secreted Proteins in Plant Cell Cultures. 181 F.A. Van Engelen and S.C. De Vries An Assessment of Possible Factors Contributing to Recalcitrance of Plant Protoplasts. 201 K.A. Roubelakis-Angelakis Gene Expression in Mesophyll Protoplasts. 221 Y. Meyer, Y Chartier, J. Grosset, L Marty, C. Brugidou, P. Marinho, and R. Rivera Antisense RNA in Plants: A Tool for Analysis and Suppression of Gene Function. 237 M. Tabler Phytoactive Polymers: New Synthetic Plant Growth Regulators. 259 A.M. Tsatsakis and M.I. Shtilman Author Index 277 Subject Index 279 MORPHOGENIC SIGNALS AND MARKERS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO Daphne J. Osborne Oxford Research Unit Open University Foxcombe Hall Boars Hill, Oxford OXl 5HR, UNITED KINGDOM INTRODUCTION To the best of our current knowledge, every living plant cell contains all the genetic information for programming a whole mature and reproductive adult individual. This implies that at no time during growth and development is this information lost or added to. Assuming this is so, then the basic question of morphogenesis concerns the nature and regulation of the expression of this information and the means by which it is directed to the development of an organized form and behaviour. Morphogenesis is thus the succession by which the genetic dictionary of the plant is revealed in an ordered sequence of differentiation and develop mental events, all of which are constrained within a format that is the specific dictate of the species. The assumption that genetic information is neither lost nor generated is of special importance to plants. For, in contrast to animals in which the special cells destined for reproduction are set aside early in development into specialized tissues distinct from somatic cells, in plants, the formation of reproductive cells represents a final expression of maturity in the cell lineages of what can be long-term somatic vegetative meristems. The discussions in this review relate to the ways that plant cells retain total heritable in formation, but not withstallding, still develop ordered and potentially hierarchical states of complexity in tissue, organ and whole plant organization, so permitting the many and varied examples of morphogenic diversity. In particular, the pathways of information exchange and communication and the signals that may operate between cells, tissues and organs will be considered in relation to physical cues and morphogenesis directing molecules. First, questions of organization in cells and tisssues will be addressed, to be followed by an appraisal of the relevance to whole plant systems. In reference to the role of hormones in genetic expression, emphasis will be laid upon a regulatory duet orchestrated by auxin and ethylene.
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