More Things in Heaven and Earth: A Celebration of Physics at the Millennium PDF
Preview More Things in Heaven and Earth: A Celebration of Physics at the Millennium
!llrnre 7hin!js 1nJleaJJen and0arlh A CELEBRATION OF PHYSICS AT THE MILLENNIUM Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH BENJAMIN BEDERSON EDITOR. A CELEBRATION OF PHYSICS AT THE MILLENNIUM , Springer APS The American Physical Society Benjamin Bederson Department of Physics New York University New York, NY 10003 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data More things in heaven and earth : a celebration of physics at the millennium / edited by Ben Bederson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4612-7174-1 ISBN 978-1-4612-1512-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-1512-7 1. Physics-History-2Oth century. 2. Astrophysics-History-2Oth century. 1. Bederson, Benjamin. II. Title: A celebration of physics at the millennium. QC7.M568 1999 09-53116 530' .09 '04---dc2 1 CIP Printed on acid-free paper. ©1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1999 Ali rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the wrilten permission of The American Physical Society, One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, USA, except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection wilh any form of informalion slorage and retrieval, electronic ada plaI ion, compuler software, or by similar or dissimilar melhodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriplive names, Irade names, Irademarks, elc., in this publicalion, even if Ihe former are noI especially identified, is noI 10 be laken as a sign Ihal such names, as underslood by Ihe Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks AcI, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production managed by MaryAnn Coltone; manufacluring supervised by Nancy Wu. Photocomposed pages prepared by American Inslitule of Physics, Woodbury, NY. 9 8 765 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-1-4612-7174-1 SPIN 10697621 Contents IX Contributors xv Foreword Martin Blume XVll Preface Benjamin Bederson xxi Introduction Hans A. Bethe Historic Perspectives-Personal Essays on Historic Developments 3 Quantum Theory Hans A. Bethe 12 Nuclear Physics Hans A. Bethe 29 Theoretical Particle Physics A. Pais 43 Elementary Particle Physics: The Origins Val L. Fitch 56 Astrophysics George Field 69 A Century of Relativity Irwin I. Shapiro 89 From Radar to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Robert V. Pound 96 An Essay on Condensed Matter Physics in the Twentieth Century W. Kohn 129 A Short History of Atomic Physics in the Twentieth Century Daniel Kleppner Particle Physics and Related Topics 143 Quantum Field Theory Frank Wilczek 161 The Standard Model of Particle Physics Mary K. Gaillard, Paul D. Grannis, and Frank J. Sciulli vi CONTENTS 188 String Theory, Supersymmetry, Unification, and All That John H. Schwarz and Nathan Seiberg 203 Accelerators and Detectors W. K. H. Panofsky and M. Breidenbach 223 Anomalous g Values of the Electron and Muon V. W. Hughes and T. Kinoshita 234 Neutrino Physics L. Wolfenstein Astrophysics 245 Cosmology at The Millennium Michael S. Turner and J. Anthony Tyson 278 Cosmic Rays: The Most Energetic Particles in the Universe James W. Cronin 291 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Lyman Page and David Wilkinson 302 Black Holes Gary T. Horowitz and Saul A. Teukolsky 313 Gravitational Radiation Rainer Weiss 329 Deciphering the Nature of Dark Matter Bernard Sadoulet Nuclear Physics 345 Nuclear Physics at the End of the Century E. M. Henley and J. P. Schiffer 370 Stellar Nucleosynthesis Edwin E. Salpeter Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 377 Atomic Physics Sheldon Datz, G. W. F. Drake, T. F. Gallagher, H. Kleinpoppen, and G. zU Putlitz 408 Laser Spectroscopy and Quantum Optics T. W. Hansch and H. Walther 426 Atom Cooling, Trapping, and Quantum Manipulation Carl E. Wieman, David E. Pritchard, and David J. Wineland 442 Laser Physics: Quantum Controversy in Action W. E. Lamb, W. P. Schleich, M. O. Scully, and C. H. Townes CONTENTS vii 460 Quantum Effects in One-Photon and Two-Photon Interference L. Mandel 474 From Nanosecond to Femtosecond Science N. Bloembergen 482 Experiment and Foundations of Quantum Physics Anton Zeilinger Condensed Matter Physics 501 The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect Horst L. Stormer, Daniel C. Tsui, and Arthur C. Gossard 515 Conductance Viewed as Transmission Yoseph lmry and Rolf Landauer 526 Superconductivity J. R. Schrieffer and M. Tinkham 534 Superfluidity A. J. Leggett 543 In Touch with Atoms G. Binnig and H. Rohrer 555 Materials Physics P. Chaudhari and M. S. Dresselhaus 563 The Invention of the Transistor Michael Riordan, Lillian Hoddeson, and Conyers Herring Statistical Physics and Fluids 581 Statistical Mechanics: A Selective Review of Two Central Issues Joel L. Lebowitz 601 Scaling, Universality, and Renormalization: Three Pillars of Modern Critical Phenomena H. Eugene Stanley 617 Insights from Soft Condensed Matter Thomas A. Witten 629 Granular Matter: A Tentative View P. G. de Gennes 644 Fluid Turbulence Katepalli R. Sreenivasan 665 Pattern Formation in Nonequilibrium Physics J. P. Gollub and J. S. Langer viii CONTENTS Plasma Physics 679 The Collisionless Nature of High-Temperature Plasmas T. M. O'Neil and F. V. Coron;t; Chemical Physics and Biological Physics 693 Chemical Physics: Molecular Clouds, Clusters, and Corrals Dudley Herschbach 706 Biological Physics Hans Frauenfelder, Peter G. Wolynes, and Robert H. Austin 726 Brain, Neural Networks, and Computation J. J. Hopfield Computational Physics 741 Microscopic Simulations in Physics D. M. Ceperley Applications of Physics to Other Areas 755 Physics and Applications of Medical Imaging William R. Hendee 767 Nuclear Fission Reactors Charles E. Till 775 Nuclear Power-Fusion T. Kenneth Fowler 781 Physics and U.S. National Security Sidney D. Drell 798 Laser Technology R. E. Slusher 812 Physics and the Communications Industry W. F. Brinkman and D. V. lAng 827 Index Contributors Robert H. Austin Ferdinand V. Coroniti Department of Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy Princeton University University of California Princeton. New Jersey 08544 Los Angeles. California 90095 James W. Cronin Hans A. Bethe Enrico Fermi Instiute Floyd R. Newman Laboratory University of Chicago of Nuclear Studies Chicago. Illinois 60637 Cornell University Ithaca. New York 14853 Sheldon Datz Atomic Physics Division Gerd K. Binnig Oak Ridge National Laboratory IBM Research Division Oak Ridge. Tennessee 37831 Zurich Research Laboratory Siiumerstrasse 4 Pierre Giles de Gennes 8803 RiLschlikon. Switzerland Col/ege de France Physique de la Matiere Condensee Nicolaas Bloembergen 75231 Paris Cedex 05 Department of Physics France Harvard University Cambridge. Massachusetts 02138 Gordon W. F. Drake Department of Physics Martin Breidenbach University of Windsor Windsor. Ontario Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Canada Stanford University Stanford. California 94305 Sidney D. DreU Stanford Linear Accelerator Center William F. Brinkman Stanford University Physical Sciences Research Stanford. California 94309 AT&T Bell Laboratories Lucent Technologies Mildred S. Dresselhaus Murray Hill. New Jersey 07974 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge. Massachusetts 02139 David M. Ceperley National Center for Superconducting George B. Field Applications Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics University of Illinois Cambridge. Massachusetts 02138 Urbana. Illinois 6/801 Val L. Fitch Praveen Chaudhari Department of Physics IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Princeton University Yorktown Heights. New York /0598 Princeton. New Jersey 08544 X CONTRIBUTORS T. Kenneth Fowler Ernest M. Henley Nuclear Engineering Department of Physics University of California University of Washington 4155 Etcheverry Hall Seattle, Washington 98195 Berkeley, California 94720 Conyers Herring Department of Applied Physics Hans Frauenfelder Stanford University Center for Nonlinear Studies Stanford, California 94305 Los Alamos National Loboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Dudley R. Herschbach Chemistry and Biochemistry Departments Mary K. Gaillard Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Physics Department Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Lillian Hoddeson Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Physics University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 Thomas F. Gallagher Department of Physics John J. Hopfield University of Virginia Department of Molecular Biology Charlottesville, Virginia 22901 Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544 Jerry P. GoUub Gary T. Horowitz Physics Department Haverford College Department of Physics Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041 University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106 Arthur C. Gossard Vernon W. Hughes Materials Department Department of Physics University of California Yale University Santa Barbara, California 93106 New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Yoseph Imry Paul D. Grannis Department of Physics Department of Physics Weizmann Institute of Science State University of New York Rehovot 76 100 Stony Brook, New York 11794 Israel Thomas Kinoshita Theodore W. Hwch Department of Physics Max-Planck-1nsitut fur Quantenoptik Cornell University D-85740 Garching Ithaca, New York 14853 Gennany Hans Kleinpoppen William R. Hendee Department of Physics Medical College of Wisconsin University of Stirling 8701 Watertown Plank Road Stirling FK9 4LA Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 Scotland
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