Monuments & Memory: Christian Cult Buildings and Constructions of the Past: Essays in honour of Sible de Blaauw

408 Pages·2016·7.599 MB·English

by  Mariëtte Verhoeven, Lex Bosman, Hanneke van Asperen

Monuments & Memory
Architectural Crossroads
Studies in the History of Architecture
Vol. 3
Series Editor
Lex Bosman, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Editorial Board
Dale Kinney, Bryn Mawr College
Wolfgang Schenkluhn, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle
Christof Thoenes, Bibliotheca Hertziana, Rome
Marvin Trachtenberg, New York University
Monuments & Memory
Christian Cult Buildings and
Constructions of the Past
Essays in honour of Sible de Blaauw
Edited by
Mariëtte Verhoeven, Lex Bosman, and
Hanneke van Asperen
H
F
Cover photo: Nine Miedema, S. Prassede in Rome.
Image editing: Centre for Art Historical Documentation (CKD), Radboud University Nijmegen.
© 2016, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
prior permission of the publisher.
D/2016/0095/215
ISBN 978-2-503-56973-4
Printed in the EU on acid-free paper
Contents
Introduction: Cherished Memories 9
Monuments
‘In Hoc Signo Vinces’:
The Various Victories Commemorated Through the Labarum
Nathalie de Haan & Olivier Hekster 17
Eine vergessene Erinnerung an das byzantinische Rom:
Neudeutung und Rezeptionsgeschichte einer Grabinschrift
aus dem 7. Jahrhundert in der S. Cecilia in Trastevere
Raphael G. R. Hunsucker & Evelien J. J. roels 31
S. Giovanni in Laterano and Medieval Architecture:
The Significance of Architectural Quotations
Lex Bosman 43
Nikolaus IV. als Erneuerer von S. Giovanni in Laterano und
S. Maria Maggiore in Rom
Peter Cornelius claussen 53
Visiting a ‘Home of the Saints’:
S. Prassede in Rome
Nine miedema & Daniëlle slootjes 69
And They Were Always in the Temple:
The Pilgrims’ Experience at S. Maria Rotonda
Hanneke van asperen 85
Jerusalem in Aachen
Bianca küHnel 95
Appropriation and Architecture:
Mary Magdalene in Vézelay
Mariëtte verHoeven 107
Remembering the Lost Palace:
Explaining and Engaging with the Absence of Constantinople’s Great Palace
Isabel kimmelfield 121
The Mausoleum of Helena and the Adjoining Basilica Ad Duas Lauros:
Construction, Evolution and Reception
Dafne oosten 131
5
Contents
Places
Helena Augusta and the City of Rome
Jan Willem drijvers 147
Epic Architecture:
Architectural Terminology and the Cities of Bethlehem and Jerusalem in the Epics of Juvencus
and Proba
Roald dijkstra 155
Senatoren als Stifter der Kirche im spätantiken Rom
Ralf BeHrwald 163
Martyrien und Reliquien ,intra‘ and ,extra muros‘
im 4. und 5. Jahrhundert
Beat Brenk 177
The Memory of the Bishop in the Early Christian Basilica
Paolo liverani 185
,Drehmomente‘:
Orientierungswechsel christlicher Kultbauten im mittelalterlichen Rom
Daniela mondini 199
Sacralizing the Palace, Sacralizing the King:
Sanctuaries and/in Royal Residences in Medieval Europe
Peter rietBergen 209
Fragen an Rom aus dem Umfeld der Bayrischen Jesuiten:
Jakob Rabus’ Bedenckhspuncte von 1575
Ingo Herklotz 221
Decoration and Liturgical Furnishing
The Twelfth-Century Frescoes ‘Iuxta Scala Que Ascendit in Patriarchio’
Herbert L. kessler 259
Clergy and Laity Viewing Both Sides of Painted Altarpieces in Rome, Siena, San Sepolcro and
Perugia
Bram kempers 269
St Jerome and a Church Model:
The Altarpiece of the Brotherhood of the Immaculate Conception in Bergamo
Bram de klerck 279
Jerusalem and Other Holy Places As Represented by Jheronimus Bosch
Jos koldeweij 287
6
Contents
The Choir Stalls of St Martin in Emmerich:
History of a Battered Ensemble
Willy piron 297
The Tree of Charlemagne?
Ecclesiastical and Secular Rulers on Late Medieval Choir Stalls
Christel tHeunissen 307
Persisting Patterns:
Aspects of Continuity in Dutch Church Interiors through the Calvinist Reformation
Justin E. A. kroesen 317
Liturgical Revolution at the
Basilica of S. Paolo Fuori le Mura (1560-1610)
Nicola camerlengHi 329
Managed Memory in S. Maria in Trastevere
Dale kinney 337
Lost Frescoes, a Forgotten Saint and a Rediscovered Play:
S. Magno in Cittaducale
Arnold witte 349
The Servatius Chalice in St Servatius Church and Its ‘Replica’:
Comments on the Origins
Jean-Pierre van rijen 361
From Ravenna to Enschede:
A Glass Mosaic of 1933
Lieske tiBBe 369
A Strange Lostness That Is Palpably Present:
On Gerhard Richter’s ‘Cologne Cathedral Window’
Wouter weijers 381
Colour Plates 393
7

Cherished Memories
With this volume thirty-one authors honour on some of the same subjects, with contribu-
Sible de Blaauw on the occasion of his retire- tions that are arranged according to three sec-
ment from Radboud University. It is above all tions: Monuments – Places – Decoration & Liturgical
a tribute to an influential and respected voice in Furnishing. Every essay addresses the memorial
the field of early Christian art and architecture. potential of Christian buildings, of their loca-
In 2015, the editors, on behalf of the Depart- tion, or of the accoutrement, whether or not still
ment of Art History of Radboud University, in situ. Not surprisingly Rome re-appears fre-
invited colleagues from Sible’s national and in- quently in all sections, with special attention to
ternational network to write a contribution per- Rome’s churches.
taining to the question of how Christian cult
buildings have played a role in cultural memory Many of the authors in this volume explore a
in different periods and in various geographical specific church in their essay. Raphael Hunsuck-
and cultural contexts. What was envisioned was er and Evelien Roels study S. Cecilia in Traste-
a publication that would correspond to Sible’s vere, Lex Bosman focuses on S. Giovanni in
research interests: Rome and its monuments, Laterano, Nicola Camerlenghi on S. Paolo fuori
early Christianity, Christian religious heritage, le mura, and Herbert Kessler on Scala Santa.
liturgy and architecture, continuity of tradition, Nine Miedema and Daniëlle Slootjes concen-
and memory. trate on S. Prassede, Dafne Oosten on the mau-
In a research outline written in 2011 Sible de soleum of Helena and the basilica ad duas lauros.
Blaauw stated that the potential role of long- Additionally, Dale Kinney examines S. Maria in
surviving ancient church buildings in the con- Trastevere, Bianca Kühnel selects the Palatine
ceptualization of the past, although of great in- Chapel in Aachen, Willy Piron highlights St
terest, has rarely been the subject of systematic Martin in Emmerich and Mariëtte Verhoeven
study. He proposed a comparative investigation writes about the Church of St Mary Magdalene
of Christian monuments as an anchorage of in Vézelay.
memory. This large-scale project should dem- The contributors have chosen a variety of ap-
onstrate how ancient Christian cult buildings, proaches. Some authors focus on architecture
time and again, helped to give meaning to the (Lex Bosman, Bianca Kühnel, Dafne Oosten),
past, always in the perspective of contemporary, while others choose a specific (liturgical) ob-
and hence variable, cultural settings. The first ject inside the church, such as altarpieces (Bram
step in the realization of this project was an in- Kempers, and Bram de Klerck), memorials
ternational expert meeting Monuments & Mem- (Dale Kinney), choir stalls (Christel Theunissen,
ory at Radboud University in December 2011, and Willy Piron), relic-chalices (Jean-Pierre
organized by Sible de Blaauw and Mariëtte Ver- van Rijen) and a stained-glass window (Wouter
hoeven. The organizers brought together re- Weijers). A book on memory inevitably deals
nowned experts from different disciplines in or- with loss. Weyers quotes art historian Michael
der to discuss the intellectual underpinning and Ann Holly who describes the engagement with
methodological approach of the theme. A sec- an object from former centuries as ‘loss without
ond international expert meeting in September a lost object’. These reflections playfully interact
2012 focused on Rome under the title Between with the opening essay by Olivier Hekster and
Monuments and Memory: Reimagining Christian Nathalie de Haan who focus on Constantine’s
Rome between Antiquity and Modernity. labarum and deal with the special case of a lost
Proving to be inexhaustible and inspiring, object that becomes the focus of religious and
the research theme is taken up once more in this political ideologies nonetheless. Also Mariëtte
volume. The book before you seeks to elaborate Verhoeven, Isabel Kimmelfield, and Arnold
9
Introduction
Witte deal with different degrees of loss in their demonstrates how these chapels hark back to one
contributions on the cult of St Mary Magdalene another in architecture and decoration.
in Vézelay, the Great Palace in Istanbul and the Another fascinating, recurring theme, final-
forgotten saint Magnus respectively. ly, is the ‘depiction’ of sites and monuments in
Coming from another angle, several contribu- writing, for example in the epics of late antique
tors opted to examine a person, or group of peo- poets, as is the subject of Roald Dijkstra’s con-
ple, and their devotional practices. Church found- tribution. Arnold Witte turns his attention to a
ers, for example, are one of the recurring themes seventeenth-century play that introduces some
within this volume. Jan Willem Drijvers observes lost frescoes in the city of Cittaducale. Ingo
the Empress Helena’s foundations in Rome, Ralf Herklotz enriches this volume with a critical
Behrwald focuses on senators as church foun- edition of Jakob Rabus’s Bedenckhspunkte which
ders, and Paolo Liverani examines how founding figures Rome and its monuments.
bishops were visualized in church interiors. Beat Within every section the contributions are
Brenk debates whether or not churches within ordered more or less chronologically. Of course,
the walls of Thessaloniki might have been built some authors concentrate on the human inter-
over martyrs’ graves. Daniela Mondini, inspired actions with a cult site during a short time span
by Sible’s inaugural lecture In View of the Light, fo- (e.g. Jan Willem Drijvers, Ralf Behrwald, Beat
cuses on the orientation of church buildings. Dif- Brenk, Ingo Herklotz, Bram Kempers, and Ar-
ferent authors in this book study, not new foun- nold Witte), while others use the concept of the
dations, but the ways in which people interacted longue durée and follow the fortunes of buildings
with existing, and continuously transforming, and objects over a period of many centuries (e.g.
church buildings. So, Peter Cornelius Claussen Nathalie de Haan and Olivier Hekster, Nine
writes about Pope Nicolas IV, not as founder, but Miedema and Daniëlle Slootjes, Isabel Kimmel-
about his refurnishing of S. Giovanni in Latera- field, Dafne Oosten, Daniela Mondini, and Jus-
no and S. Maria Maggiore. Turning away from tin Kroesen). Together the essays cover a period
Rome, Isabel Kimmelfield focuses on changing from Late Antiquity to modern times, from He-
attitudes toward the complex of the Great Palace lena to Gerhard Richter, from late antique po-
in Constantinople through the centuries. Mov- ets to a Ravennesque mosaic in the 1930s. Thus,
ing further north, Justin Kroesen looks at the this volume assumes the diachronic nature that
Dutch Calvinists and their ‘conservative’ attitude Sible advocates in his research outline. The leit-
towards formerly Catholic churches. motifs of Christian cult and material and imma-
Some authors did not depart from the archi- terial constructions of the past tie together the
tecture or its furnishing, but focused instead on sections as well as the book as a whole. Finally,
the depiction of cult buildings in other, not nec- the essays are bound by their authors’ fondness
essarily religious, places: Lieske Tibbe examines and appreciation of Sible de Blaauw.
the way Ravenna church mosaics were concep- The number of scholars willing to contribute
tualized, reconstructed, and ultimately secular- to this volume is indicative of Sible’s standing as
ized, in the town hall of Enschede. Hanneke van both an academic and a teacher whose fascina-
Asperen looks at depictions of S. Maria Rotonda tion with Christian cult and church buildings
on medieval pilgrims’ souvenirs, Bram de Klerck was generated during childhood. Born in 1951 in
studies church models in painting, and Jos Kol- the village of Bakhuizen, Sible de Blaauw grew
deweij describes Hieronymus Bosch’s transfor- up in the northern part of the Netherlands. As
mation of painted backgrounds, of biblical and a child, he became fascinated with the St Odol-
other religious scenes, to create a contemporary phus Church in his birth place and later with the
setting that would appeal to his audience. On Church of St Martin in Sneek where he was an
the other hand, Peter Rietbergen studies dif- altar server and acolyte. The churches appealed to
ferent medieval royal chapels throughout Eu- all of the senses. It was not only the buildings that
rope to see how kings constructed the image of made a lasting impression, but so did the spaces
themselves that they wanted to portray, and also with their sacred texts and music, mystical imag-
10