Monsanto and Intellectual Property in South America PDF
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InternationalPoliticalEconomySeries Series Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Visiting Professor, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA and EmeritusProfessor,UniversityofLondon,UK Theglobalpoliticaleconomyisinfluxasaseriesofcumulativecrisesimpactsitsorganizationand governance.TheIPEserieshastrackeditsdevelopmentinbothanalysisandstructureoverthelast threedecades.IthasalwayshadaconcentrationontheglobalSouth.NowtheSouthincreasinglychal- lengestheNorthasthecentreofdevelopment,alsoreflectedinagrowingnumberofsubmissionsand publicationsonindebtedEurozoneeconomiesinSouthernEurope. Anindispensableresourceforscholarsandresearchers,theseriesexaminesavarietyofcapitalisms andconnectionsbyfocusingonemergingeconomies,companiesandsectors,debatesandpolicies. Itinformsdiversepolicycommunitiesastheestablishedtrans-AtlanticNorthdeclinesand‘therest’, especiallytheBRICS,rise. Titlesinclude: FelipeAminFilomeno MONSANTOANDINTELLECTUALPROPERTYINSOUTHAMERICA EirikurBergmann ICELANDANDTHEINTERNATIONALFINANCIALCRISIS Boom,BustandRecovery YildizAtasoy(editor) GLOBALECONOMICCRISISANDTHEPOLITICSOFDIVERSITY GabrielSiles-Brügge CONSTRUCTINGEUROPEANUNIONTRADEPOLICY AGlobalIdeaofEurope JewellordSinghandFranceBourgouin(editors) RESOURCEGOVERNANCEANDDEVELOPMENTALSTATESINTHEGLOBALSOUTH CriticalInternationalPoliticalEconomyPerspectives TanTaiYongandMdMizanurRahman(editors) DIASPORAENGAGEMENTANDDEVELOPMENTINSOUTHASIA LeilaSimonaTalani,AlexanderClarksonandRamonPachedoPardo(editors) DIRTYCITIES TowardsaPoliticalEconomyoftheUndergroundinGlobalCities MatthewLouisBishop THEPOLITICALECONOMYOFCARIBBEANDEVELOPMENT XiaomingHuang(editor) MODERNECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINJAPANANDCHINA Developmentalism,CapitalismandtheWorldEconomicSystem BonnieK.Campbell(editor) MODESOFGOVERNANCEANDREVENUEFLOWSINAFRICANMINING GopinathPillai(editor) THEPOLITICALECONOMYOFSOUTHASIANDIASPORA PatternsofSocio-EconomicInfluence RachelK.Brickner(editor) MIGRATION,GLOBALIZATIONANDTHESTATE JuanitaEliasandSamanthiGunawardana(editors) THEGLOBALPOLITICALECONOMYOFTHEHOUSEHOLDINASIA TonyHeron PATHWAYSFROMPREFERENTIALTRADE ThePoliticsofTradeAdjustmentinAfrica,theCaribbeanandPacific DavidJ.Hornsby RISKREGULATION,SCIENCEANDINTERESTSINTRANSATLANTICTRADECONFLICTS YangJiang CHINA’SPOLICYMAKINGFORREGIONALECONOMICCOOPERATION MartinGeigerandAntoinePécoud(editors) DISCIPLININGTHETRANSNATIONALMOBILITYOFPEOPLE MichaelBreen THEPOLITICSOFIMFLENDING LauraCarstenMahrenbach THETRADEPOLICYOFEMERGINGPOWERS StrategicChoicesofBrazilandIndia VassilisK.FouskasandConstantineDimoulas GREECE,FINANCIALIZATIONANDTHEEU ThePoliticalEconomyofDebtandDestruction HanyBesadaandShannonKindornay(editors) MULTILATERALDEVELOPMENTCOOPERATIONINACHANGINGGLOBALORDER CarolineKuzemko THEENERGY–SECURITYCLIMATENEXUS InstitutionalChangeinBritainandBeyond HansLöfgrenandOwainDavidWilliams(editors) THENEWPOLITICALECONOMYOFPHARMACEUTICALS Production,InnnovationandTRIPSintheGlobalSouth TimothyCadman(editor) CLIMATECHANGEANDGLOBALPOLICYREGIMES TowardsInstitutionalLegitimacy IanHudson,MarkHudsonandMaraFridell FAIRTRADE,SUSTAINABILITYANDSOCIALCHANGE AndrésRivarolaPuntiglianoandJoséBriceño-Ruiz(editors) RESILIENCEOFREGIONALISMINLATINAMERICAANDTHECARIBBEAN DevelopmentandAutonomy GodfreyBaldacchino(editor) THEPOLITICALECONOMYOFDIVIDEDISLANDS UnifiedGeographies,MultiplePolities MarkFindlay CONTEMPORARYCHALLENGESINREGULATINGGLOBALCRISES HelenHawthorne LEASTDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDTHEWTO SpecialTreatmentinTrade NirKshetri CYBERCRIMEANDCYBERSECURITYINTHEGLOBALSOUTH KristianStokkeandOlleTörnquist(editors) DEMOCRATIZATIONINTHEGLOBALSOUTH TheImportanceofTransformativePolitics InternationalPoliticalEconomySeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–71708–0hardcover SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–71110–1paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder.Pleasecontact yourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress, thetitleoftheseriesandoneoftheISBNsquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG21 6XS,England Monsanto and Intellectual Property in South America Felipe Amin Filomeno AssistantProfessor,UniversidadeFederalDeSantaCatarina,Brazil ©FelipeAminFilomeno2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-35668-0 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-47058-7 ISBN 978-1-137-35669-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137356697 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. To the memory of, and in honor of the legacy of, Giovanni Arrighi Contents ListofTablesandFigures ix Acknowledgments x ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms xi 1 Introduction 1 Threeperspectivesonintellectualproperty 4 ThepuzzleofintellectualpropertyinSouthAmerican soybeanagriculture 8 Thebookargument 15 Researchdesign 24 Outline 25 2 Argentina:TheOldDevelopmentalModel 26 Neoliberalism,intellectualpropertyandMonsanto inArgentinesoybeanagriculture(1990s) 28 Theradicalizationofconflictsoverintellectualproperty onseedsinthedemiseofneoliberalism(2000s) 32 Conclusion 64 3 Brazil:TheNeodevelopmentalModel 68 NeoliberalismandintellectualpropertyinBrazilian soybeanagriculture(1990s) 69 ReformstotheBrazilianintellectualpropertyregime onseedsandthecontentiousoperationofMonsanto’s systemofroyaltycollection(2000s) 76 Conclusion 105 4 Paraguay:TheDependentModel 109 NeoliberalismandintellectualpropertyinParaguayan soybeanagriculture(1990s) 111 ReformstotheParaguayanintellectualpropertyregime onseedsandthecontentiousoperationofMonsanto’s systemofroyaltycollection(2000s) 113 Conclusion 132 vii viii Contents 5 Conclusion:SeedsoftheFuture 135 Theory 135 Generalizations 145 Futurescenarios 148 Normativeissuesandpolicyimplications 151 Appendix–Listofinterviews 157 Argentina(BuenosAires,August2010) 157 Brazil(severallocations,2011–2012) 157 Paraguay(Asunción,March2011) 157 Notes 158 References 162 Index 184 Tables and Figures Tables 3.1 AveragegovernmentexpenditureinagriculturalR&D inArgentinaandBrazil(1981–2006,millionUS$ of2005) 80 Figures 3.1 Sharesinworldsoybeanproduction–Argentina,Brazil andParaguay(1975–2010,percentagesconvertedto normallogarithm) 92 ix Acknowledgments The research that resulted in this book started when I became ‘research apprentice’ for Giovanni Arrighi at Johns Hopkins Univer- sity in 2007. Giovanni incited me to study the relations between labor, land and development in Brazil and I chose soybean agricul- tureasacaseforanalysis.Soybeanswereamongthetopagricultural productsofBrazil;theirproductioncontributedtoeconomicgrowth andexportrevenuesbutwasalsochargedwithenvironmentaldegra- dation,displacementofruralpopulationsandendangermentoffood security.WhilestudyingBraziliansoybeanagricultureinthecontext ofSouthAmerica,Ibecamemoreinterestedintherelationsbetween intellectualpropertyanddevelopmentthaninlaborandlandissues. From the beginning of my research to the publication of this book,IbenefitedfromcommentsandsuggestionsfromBeverlySilver, Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz, Rina Agarwala, Margaret Keck, René Marlin-Bennett, Kenneth Shadlen, Marisa von Bülow, Timothy M. Shaw and participants of the graduate seminars in Cross-National Sociology and International Development at Johns Hopkins. The organizations I visited for data collection in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay also provided valuable input for my research. They are all listedintheAppendixandIamthankfultotheirrepresentativeswho received me for interviews. I am also grateful to the Latin American Studies Association, especially its Brazil Section, which gave me the BestPhDDissertationAwardin2013fortheresearchthatresultedin this book. Finally, my research would not have been possible with- outthefinancialsupportfromtheFulbrightCommission,theCAPES Foundation of the Brazilian Ministry of Education and the Johns HopkinsUniversity’sInstituteofGlobalStudiesandProgramofLatin AmericanStudies. x
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