Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans

565 Pages·2012·34.22 MB·English

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ON
WORLD HEAL TH ORGANIZA TI
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER
IARC MONOGRAPHS
ON THE
EV ALVA TION OF CARCINOGENIC
RISKSTO HUMANS
Dry Cleaning, Sorne Chlorinated Solvents
and Other Industrial Chemicals
VOLUME 63
This publication represents the views and expert opinions
of an IARC W orking Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,
which met in Lyon,
7-14 February 1995
1995
lARe MONOGRAPHS
ln 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on
the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of
critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. ln 1980 and 1986, the programme was
expanded to includc evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex
mixtures and other agents.
The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of rnonographs
critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed
and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help
of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields; and to
indicate where additional research efforts are needed.
This project is supported by PHS Grant No. 5-UO 1 CA33 193- 1 3 awarded by the United
States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support
has been provided since 1986 by the European Commission.
(glnternational Agency for Research on Cancer 1995
IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Hurnans (1995 : Lyon, France)
vents and other industrial chemicals : views and
Dry cleaning, sorne chlorinated soi
expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks
to Humans which met in Lyon, 7-14 February 1995.
(lARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans ; 63)
i. Carcinogens - toxicity - congresses 2. Chemical industries - congresses
3. Neoplasms - chemically induced - congresses 4. Solvents - toxicity I. Series
ISBN 92 832 i 263 0
(NLM Classification: W 1)
ISSN 0250-9555
Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy cppyright protection in accordance
with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention.
Ail rights reserved. Application for rights of reproduction or translation, in part or in toto,
should be made to the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Distributed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer
and by the Secretariat of the WorId Health Organization, Geneva
PRINTED lN THE UNITED KINGDOM
eONTENTS
NOTE TO THE REA D ER ............... o....... o' o...................... o........ 0..........0......................................... i
LIST OF PARTiCiPANTS.... 0................. ...... 0........................... 0............... 0................. 0...0................ 3
PREAMB LE........ o........ 0........ .........0.. 0..0... 0......... ............0... o.... 0 o... o.................. 0.. 0..0............... ............ 9
Background. 0" o......... ..............................................0................ 0... 0 o. o... 0......... ...... o............. ............. 9
Objecti ve and Scope ...........................................................000......... 0:...............0.......0..... ............... 9
Selection of Topics for Monographs.. ...................................................... ................. ................. 10
Data for Monographs.................... 0 ......................................................... o...... 0............................ 1 1
The W orking Group ................................................................................................................... 1 i
W orking Procedures.............................................................. o................. o.......................... ........ 1 i
Exposure Data............................................................................. o' 0................................ ............. 12
Studies of Cancer in Humans.......... ..... ........... ........................... ............ ................ ....... o. ........... 14
Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animais.............................................................................. 17
Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and Its Mechanisms ...................... i 9
Summary of Data Reported............ ............ 0............................0................... ............ ................... 2 i
Evaluation....... .............................. .................. .................................................................... ........ 22
References........................ ...... ....................... ........................................................... ......... .......... 26
THE MONOGRAPHS
Dry cleaning ...... ............................. ...................... ....................................... .................. ............ 33
vents and related chernIcals
Sorne chlorinated sol
Trichloroethylene............................................. ............... ....................................................... 75
Tetrachloroethy lene .... ............................... ........ ................. .................. ....................... ........ i 59
i ,2,3- Trichloropropane.......... ...... ........ ......... ..... .... .............. 0 ....................... ........ ......... ....... 223
Chlaral and chloral hydrate ... ................. ..................... ........................... .............. ......... ...... 245
Dichloroacetic acid ...... ............. ................................. .......... ....................... ............... .......... 27 i
Trichloroacetic acid ....... .......... ..:............ ....................... ...... ................... .............. ....... ........ 29 i
I-Chloro- 2-methylpropene.................................... ............... ...... ................................... ...... 3 15
3-Chloro- 2- methylpropene .... .................... :....... .............. ..................... .................... ........... 325
Other industrial chernIcals
Acrolein............................................................................................................................. ... 337
Crotonaldehyde. ...... .... ............. ....... ...... ... ... .... ..... ........ ... ........ .... ...... .......... ............ ............. 373
Furan ....... ..... ... ...... ... .......... .... ....... ..... ....... ............ ............ ............... ..... ................ .., ......... ... 393
Furfural....................................................................................................................... . ......... 409
Benzofuran ........................................................................................................................... 43 1
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IV IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 63
V in y 1 acetate ........................................................................................................................ 443
Viny 1 fi uoride....................................................................................................................... 467
SUMMAR y OF FIN AL EV ALU A TIONS .................. ....... ........... ................ ........... .................. 477
APPENDIX i. SUMMARY TABLES OF GENETIC AND RELATED EFFECTS ................481
APPENDIX 2. ACTIVITY PROFILES FOR GENETIC AND RELA TED EFFECTS ............ 499
SUPPLEMENT ARY CORRIGENDA TO VOLUMES 1-62.................................................... 521
CUMULATIVE INDEX TO THE MONOGRAPHS SERIES .................................................... 523
DER
NOTE TO THE REA
The term 'carcinogenic risk' in the IARC Monographs series is taken to mean the proba-
bility that exposure to an agent willlead to cancer in humans.
Inclusion of an agent in the Monographs does not imply that it is a carcinogen, only that the
published data have been examined. Equally, the fact that an agent has not yet been evaluated in
a monograph does not mean that it is not carcinogenic.
The evaluations of carcinogenic risk are made by international working groups of inde-
pendent scientists and are qualitative in nature. No recommendation is given for regulation or
legislation.
Anyone who is aware of published data that may alter the evaluation of the carcinogenic
risk of an agent to humans is encouraged to make this information available to the Unit of
Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, iso
cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France, in order that the agent may be considered
for re-evaluation by a future Working Group.
Although every effort is made to prepare the monographs as accurately as possible,
mistakes may occur. Readers are requested to communicate any errors to the Unit of Carcinogen
Identification and Evaluation, so that corrections can be reported in future volumes.
-1-

lARe WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATION OF
eARelNOGENie RISKS TO HUMANS:
DRY eLEANING, SOME eHLORINA TED SOL VENTS
AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL eHEMieALS
Lyon, 7-14 February 1995
LIST OF PARTielPANTS
Mernbers1
A. Abbondandolo, Laboratory of Mutagenesis, National Institute for Research on Cancer, viale
Benedetto XV, 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
O. Axelson, Department of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Ergonomics, University
Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden .
S. Cordier, INSERM, U 170, 16 avenue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 94807 Villejuif Cédex, France
W. Dekant, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher
Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
E. Dybing, Department of Environmental Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, 0462
Oslo, Norway (Chairman)
1. Fajen, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway,
Cincinnati OH 45226- 1 988, United States
G.R. Howe, NCIC Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, McMurrich Building, University of
Toronto, 13 Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, Ontario M5S lA8, Canada
A. Huici-Montagud, National Institute of Security and Hygiene at the Workplace, National
Center of W orking Conditions, Dulcet 2-10, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
y. Konishi, Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, 840
Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634, Japan
H. Kromhout, Department of Air Quality, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 8129,
6700 EV Wageningen, Netherlands
1 Unable to attend: W.T. Allaben, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, United
States; P.W.J. Peters, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection and Medical Faculty,
University of Utrecht, PO Box L, BA Bilthoven, Netherlands
-3-
4 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 63
L.S. Levy, Institute of Occupational Health, University of Birrningham, Edgbaston, Birmingham
BIS 2TT, United Kingdom
E. Lynge, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark (Vice-
Chairman)
R.L. Melnick, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Research
Triangle Park NC 27709, United States
H. Norppa, Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Health,
Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
S. Olin, Risk Science Institute, International Life Sciences Institute, 1 126 Sixteenth Street NW,
Washington DC 20036, United States
C. Rosenberg, Departrnent of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Institute of Occupational
Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
N.H. Stacey, Worksafe Australia, GPO Box 58, Sydney NSW 2001, Australia
S. Vamvakas, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher
Str. 9,97078 Würzburg, Germany
Representati ves/observers
Representative of the National Cancer Institute
1. Sontag, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Prograrn, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza
North, Room 543, Bethesda MD 20892, United States
American Industrial Health Council
N.S. Weiss, Department of Epidemiology, SC-36, University of Washington, Roorn F-263,
Health Sciences Building, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, W A 98195, United States
European Center for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology ofChemicals
D.G. Farrar, ICI Chemicals and Polymer Ltd, Occupational Health, PO Box 13, The Heath
Runcorn, Cheshire W A 7 4QF, United Kingdom
European Commission
E. de Pauw, Industrial Medicine and Hygiene Unit, Health and Safety Directorate, European
Commission, Bâtiment Jean Monnet, 2920 Luxembourg, ,Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
1
National Cancer Institute of Canada
D. Burch, NCIC Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, McMurrich Building, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1 A8, Canada
United States Environmental Protection Agency
J.C. Parker, Human Health Assessment Group, Office of Research and Development, United
States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC 20460, United States
PARTICIPANTS 5
lARe Secretariat
P. Boffetta, Unit of Environmental Cancer Epidemiology
A. Dufournet, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation
M. Friesen, Unit of Environmental Carcinogenesis
M.-J. Ghess, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation
E. Heseltine, 24290 St Léon-sur- Vézère, France
V. Krutovskikh, Unit of Multistage Carcinogenesis
M. Lang, Programme of Molecular Toxicology
Gregor, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation
D. Mc
D. Mietton, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation
H. Møller, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation
A. Mylvaganam, Programme of Radiation and Cancer
C. Partensky, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation
S. Ruiz, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation
P. Webb, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation
J. Wilbourn, Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation
H. Yamasaki, Unit of Multistage Carcinogenesis
Secretarial assistance
M. Lézère
J. Mitchell
S. Reynaud