Monochrome and Colour Television – R.R.Gulati

688 Pages·2012·4.73 MB·English

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Copyright © 2005, 1983, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
All rights reserved.
No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm,
xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval
system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher.
All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected]
ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2489-8
PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS
4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002
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To
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Out of the various television systems in use in different countries, India adopted the 625-B
monochrome (black and white) and the compatible PAL-B colour systems. Most European and
many other countries are also using these standards. However, majority of the available books
on television deal with the American 525 line monochrome and NTSC colour systems. Moreover,
in the latest editions of the popular books on this subject, emphasis has totally shifted to colour
television because of its wide acceptance in all the advanced countries. Since colour television
has just been introduced in India, both monochrome and colour transmissions will co-exist for
a long time in this country. Keeping these facts in view, this text has been prepared to provide
an integrated approach with equal emphasis on both monochrome and colour systems.
The book has been designed to meet the requirements of a modern text book on ‘Television
Engineering’ for Electrical and Electronics Engineering students at the degree level. It will
also meet the needs of a comprehensive course on TV Engineering in Polytechnics and Technical
Schools. In addition the book will be of immense value to practising engineers and technicians.
Students engaged in self study will also benefit very much from this text.
The matter has been so presented that any Engineering student with a basic knowledge
of the various electronic building blocks and fundamentals of communication systems will
have no difficulty in understanding the subject.
Comprehensive design criteria for various sections of the receiver have been given in
each chapter without going into rigorous mathematical details. Due emphasis has also been
laid on TV receiver servicing and servicing equipment. Detailed charts for locating faults and
trouble shootting together with alignment procedures for the various sections of the receiver
have also been included.
Early TV receivers manufactured in India and other countries used vacuum tube circuitry.
However, with rapid advances in technology, hybrid circuitry soon came into use and transistors
replaced most vacuum tubes. With the widespread development of integrated circuits, special
ICs are now available and are fast replacing discrete circuitry employing transistors. Since
these developments have been very fast, sets employing tubes, only transistors and ICs are in
use simultaneously. In view of this fact discussion of TV circuits using tubes, hybrid circuitry
and ICs has been included in the chapter devoted to receiver circuits. The stress, however, is
more on solid state receiver circuits and design.
Because of the importance of colour transmission and reception, two comprehensive
chapters have been exclusively devoted to the techniques of colour television and various colour
television systems. All modern colour receivers use solid-state devices in most sections of the
receiver. It is natural that receivers manufactured in India will also be of this type with specially
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designed ICs for performing almost all the functions in the receiver. Therefore, the description
of colour receivers using vacuum tubes has been totally omitted. However, the functioning and
use of special instruments necessary for the manufacture, testing and servicing all types of
colour receivers has been included in corresponding chapters.
Chapter 1 gives basic principles of TV transmission and reception. Chapters 2, 3 and 4
deal with analysis and synthesis of TV pictures, composite video signal and channel bandwidth
requirements. Chapters 5 and 6 include discussion on receiver picture tubes and television
camera tubes. Chapter 7 is on TV studio equipment and transmission principles. Chapter 8
gives a block schematic approach to monochrome TV receivers. Chapter 9 explains the
propagation phenomena and antenna systems with special reference to TV transmission and
reception. Chapter 10 is devoted to various applications of television. In Chapters 11 to 24
detailed circuit analysis and design principles of the various sections of the receiver are given.
In Chapters 25 and 26 fundamentals of colour television and various colour TV systems
have been fully described, naturally with a greater emphasis on the PAL-B & G systems.
Chapter 27 is exclusively devoted to special circuits like remote control tuning, automatic
fine tuning etc. Chapter 28 deals with all types of equipment needed for testing, alignment
and servicing monochrome and colour receivers. Chapter 29 discusses in detail procedures for
alignment of various sections of the receiver. Comprehensive details for trouble shooting and
servicing are presented in Chapter 30. Diagnostic test charts are also included.
The manuscript and its various pre-drafts have been used successfully by the author for
a selective one semester course on TV Engineering at the final degree level at BITS, Pilani.
About twice the material necessary for a one semester course is included in the book. By a
judicious choice of chapters and sequencing the instructor can prepare suitable presentations
for a two semester sequence for both degree and diploma students emphasising basic principles,
overall systems or technological details.
To assist the student and the instructor a set of review questions are included at the end
of each chapter.
R.R. Gulati
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This book was published in 1983 and ever since its popularity has been growing. Its relevance
as a comprehensive course in Television Engineering lies in its excellent presentation of the
fundamentals of television transmission and reception.
In it, analysis and synthesis of TV pictures, generation of composite video and audio
signals, channel bandwidth requirements and design factors for various sections of the receiver
have been evolved from first principles and supported with mathematical derivations where
necessary.
However, the author wishes to point out that during the past two decades or so, television
receiver designs have gradually changed because of rapid technological advances in the field
of entertainment electronics. Therefore, the students are advised to reinforce their learning by
further reading books which describe latest techniques and circuits of modern television
receivers.
This author has contributed in this direction by writing the following three books now
published by NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS.
1. COLOUR TELEVISION–PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. This book describes
colour TV principles in depth and gives detailed insight of colour TV systems and
standards, frequency synthesized tuning and channel selection, chroma processing
sub-systems and matrixing, modern receiver circuits employing latest ICs and also
colour receiver alignment and servicing.
2. MODERN TELEVISION PRACTICE–PRINCIPLES, TECHNOLOGY AND
SERVICING. The main feature of this book is the side by side coverage of B&W and
colour TV transmission and reception techniques for a better grasp of the entire
field of television engineering. The 2nd edition of this book published in 2002 also
contains chapters on Satellite Television Technology, Cable Television, VCR and
Video Disc Recording and Playback, Teletext Broadcast Service and TV Games,
Digital Television and Advanced Television Systems.
3. COMPOSITE SATELLITE AND CABLE TELEVISION. This book presents basics
and systematic exposition to various equipments, devices, and circuit formulations
involved in Satellite and Cable Television. Its 2nd edition contains extended coverage
on Signal Encoding & Compression Techniques, Digital Satellite Transmission and
Reception, Conditional Access (CAS) System, Direct-to-Home Satellite Broadcasts,
High Definition TV (HDTV) and TV Home Entertainment Theatres.
R. R. Gulati
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Preface v
Suggested Further Reading vii
Introduction........................................................................................................................1
1. Elements of a Television System...................................................................................8
1.1 Picture Transmission................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Sound Transmission................................................................................................. 11
1.3 Picture Reception ..................................................................................................... 11
1.4 Sound Reception....................................................................................................... 12
1.5 Synchronization........................................................................................................12
1.6 Receiver Controls ..................................................................................................... 13
1.7 Colour Television......................................................................................................13
2. Analysis and Synthesis of Television Pictures........................................................16
2.1 Gross Structure ........................................................................................................16
2.2 Image Continuity......................................................................................................16
2.3 Number of Scanning Lines ...................................................................................... 19
2.4 Flicker........................................................................................................................21
2.5 Fine Structure ..........................................................................................................25
2.6 Tonal Gradation........................................................................................................31
3. Composite Video Signal.................................................................................................36
3.1 Video Signal Dimensions.........................................................................................36
3.2 Horizontal Sync Details...........................................................................................39
3.3 Vertical Sync Details................................................................................................41
3.4 Scanning Sequence Details...................................................................................... 47
3.5 Functions of Vertical Pulse Train........................................................................... 49
3.6 Sync Details of the 525 Line System ......................................................................49
4. Signal Transmission and Channel Bandwidth........................................................54
4.1 Amplitude Modulation.............................................................................................54
4.2 Channel Bandwidth ................................................................................................. 56
4.3 Vestigial Sideband Transmission............................................................................57
4.4 Transmission Efficiency...........................................................................................58
4.5 Complete Channel Bandwidth ................................................................................59
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4.6 Reception of Vestigial Sideband Signals ................................................................ 60
4.7 Frequency Modulation.............................................................................................62
4.8 FM Channel Bandwidth...........................................................................................66
4.9 Channel Bandwidth for Colour Transmission....................................................... 67
4.10 Allocation of Frequency Bands for Television Signal Transmission.................... 68
4.11 Television Standards................................................................................................68
5. The Picture Tube.............................................................................................................74
5.1 Monochrome Picture Tube.......................................................................................74
5.2 Beam Deflection ....................................................................................................... 76
5.3 Screen Phosphor....................................................................................................... 79
5.4 Face Plate..................................................................................................................79
5.5 Picture Tube Characteristics...................................................................................82
5.6 Picture Tube Circuit Controls .................................................................................82
6. Television Camera Tubes ..............................................................................................86
6.1 Basic Principle..........................................................................................................86
6.2 Image Orthicon.........................................................................................................89
6.3 Vidicon.......................................................................................................................94
6.4 The Plumbicon..........................................................................................................97
6.5 Silicon Diode Array Vidicon.....................................................................................99
6.6 Solid State Image Scanners...................................................................................100
7. Basic Television Broadcasting...................................................................................106
7.1 Television Studio....................................................................................................106
7.2 Television Cameras................................................................................................108
7.3 Programme Control Room.....................................................................................110
7.4 Video Switcher........................................................................................................111
7.5 Synchronizing System............................................................................................115
7.6 Master Control Room (MCR).................................................................................117
7.7 Generation of Amplitude Modulation...................................................................118
7.8 Television Transmitter ..........................................................................................119
7.9 Positive and Negative Modulation........................................................................120
7.10 Sound Signal Transmission...................................................................................122
7.11 Merits of Frequency Modulation........................................................................... 123
7.12 Generation of Frequency Modulation...................................................................125
7.13 Stabilized Reactance Modulator............................................................................127
7.14 Generation of FM from PM.................................................................................... 128
7.15 FM Sound Signal....................................................................................................130
8. Television Receiver.......................................................................................................134
8.1 Types of Television Receivers................................................................................134
8.2 Receiver Sections....................................................................................................135
8.3 Vestigial Sideband Correction...............................................................................139
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8.4 Choice of Intermediate Frequencies.....................................................................140
8.5 Picture Tube Circuitry and Controls ....................................................................143
8.6 Sound Signal Separation .......................................................................................143
8.7 Sound Section .........................................................................................................144
8.8 Sync Processing and AFC Circuit ......................................................................... 146
8.9 Vertical Deflection Circuit.....................................................................................146
8.10 Horizontal Deflection Circuit ................................................................................147
9. Television Signal Propagation and Antennas .......................................................150
9.1 Radio Wave Propagation........................................................................................ 150
9.2 Television Signal Transmission ............................................................................152
9.3 Interference Suffered by Carrier Signals.............................................................153
9.4 Preference of AM for Picture Signal Transmission.............................................155
9.5 Antennas.................................................................................................................156
9.6 Television Transmission Antennas.......................................................................161
9.7 Television Receiver Antennas ...............................................................................164
9.8 Colour Television Antennas ..................................................................................170
9.9 Transmission Lines ................................................................................................173
9.10 Attenuation Pads....................................................................................................178
10. Television Applications................................................................................................182
10.1 Television Broadcasting.........................................................................................182
10.2 Cable Television......................................................................................................182
10.3 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)......................................................................... 186
10.4 Theatre Television..................................................................................................188
10.5 Picture Phone and Facsimile.................................................................................189
10.6 Video Tape Recording (VTR) .................................................................................189
10.7 Television via Satellite...........................................................................................196
10.8 TV Games................................................................................................................ 199
11. Video Detector................................................................................................................210
11.1 Video (Picture) Signal Detection........................................................................... 210
11.2 Basic Video Detector ..............................................................................................211
11.3 IF Filter...................................................................................................................213
11.4 DC Component of the Video Signal ......................................................................215
11.5 Intercarrier Sound..................................................................................................216
11.6 Video Detector Requirements................................................................................217
11.7 Functions of the Composite Video Signal.............................................................217
12. Video Section Fundamentals......................................................................................220
12.1 Picture Reproduction .............................................................................................220
12.2 Video Amplifier Requirements..............................................................................220
12.3 Video Amplifiers..................................................................................................... 225
12.4 Basic Video Amplifier Operation ..........................................................................228
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