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MonitoringAmericanFederalism MonitoringAmericanFederalismexaminessomeofthenation’smost significantcontroversiesinwhichstatelegislatureshaveattemptedtobe active partners in the process of constitutional decision-making. ChristianG.Fritzlooksatinterposition,whichisthepracticeofstates opposing federal government decisions that were deemed unconstitu- tional.Interpositionbecameamuch-usedconstitutionaltooltomoni- torthefederalgovernmentandorganizeresistance,beginningwiththe Constitution’sratificationandcontinuingthroughthepresentaffecting issuesincludingguncontrol,immigration,andhealthcare.Thoughthe use of interposition was largely abandoned because of its association withnullificationandtheCivilWar,recentinterestremindsusthatthe federalgovernmentcannotrunroughshodoverstates,andthatstates lack any legitimatepower to nullify federal laws.Insightfuland com- prehensive, this appraisal of interposition breaks new ground in Americanpoliticalandconstitutionalhistory,andcanhelpuspreserve ourconstitutionalsystemanddemocracy. ChristianG.FritzisEmeritusProfessorofLawattheUniversityofNew MexicoSchoolofLaw.HeistheauthorofAmericanSovereigns:The PeopleandAmerica’sConstitutionalTraditionbeforetheCivilWar. Published online by Cambridge University Press SeetheStudiesinLegalHistoryserieswebsiteat http://studiesinlegalhistory.org/ StudiesinLegalHistory EDITORS LisaFord,UniversityofNewSouthWales SarahBarringerGordon,UniversityofPennsylvania ThomasMcSweeney,William&MaryLawSchool ReuelSchiller,UniversityofCalifornia,HastingsCollegeoftheLaw TaisuZhang,YaleLawSchool AdaMariaKuskowski,VernacularLaw:WritingandtheReinvention ofCustomaryLawinMedievalFrance E. Claire Cage, The Science of Proof: Forensic Medicine in Modern France Kristin A. Olbertson, The Dreadful Word: Speech Crime and Polite GentlemeninMassachusetts,1690–1776 Edgardo Pérez Morales, Unraveling Abolition: Legal Culture and SlaveEmancipationinColombia Lyndsay Campbell, Truth and Privilege: Libel Law in Massachusetts andNovaScotia,1820–1840 Sara M. Butler, Pain, Penance, and Protest: Peine Forte et Dure in MedievalEngland Michael Lobban, Imperial Incarceration: Detention without Trial in theMakingofBritishColonialAfrica Stefan Jurasinski and Lisi Oliver, The Laws of Alfred: The Domboc andtheMakingofAnglo-SaxonLaw Sascha Auerbach, Armed with Sword and Scales: Law, Culture, and LocalCourtroomsinLondon,1860–1913 Published online by Cambridge University Press AlejandrodeLaFuenteandArielaJ.Gross,BecomingFree,Becoming Black:Race,Freedom,andtheLawinCuba,Virginia,andLouisiana Elizabeth Papp Kamali, Felony and the Guilty Mind in Medieval England JessicaK.Lowe,MurderintheShenandoah:MakingLawSovereignin RevolutionaryVirginia Michael A. Schoeppner, Moral Contagion: Black Atlantic Sailors, Citizenship,andDiplomacyinAntebellumAmerica SamErman,AlmostCitizens:PuertoRico,theU.S.Constitution,and Empire MarthaS.Jones,BirthrightCitizens:AHistoryofRaceandRightsin AntebellumAmerica Julia Moses, The First Modern Risk: Workplace Accidents and the OriginsofEuropeanSocialStates Cynthia Nicoletti, Secession on Trial: The Treason Prosecution of JeffersonDavis EdwardJamesKolla,Sovereignty,InternationalLaw,andtheFrench Revolution AssafLikhovski,TaxLawandSocialNormsinMandatoryPalestine andIsrael RobertW.Gordon,TamingthePast:EssaysonLawandHistoryand HistoryinLaw PaulGarfinkel,CriminalLawinLiberalandFascistItaly Michelle A. McKinley, Fractional Freedoms: Slavery, Intimacy, and LegalMobilizationinColonialLima,1600–1700 KarenM.Tani,StatesofDependency:Welfare,Rights,andAmerican Governance,1935–1972 StefanJurasinski,TheOldEnglishPenitentialsandAnglo-SaxonLaw FeliceBatlan,WomenandJusticeforthePoor:AHistoryofLegalAid, 1863–1945 SophiaZ.Lee,TheWorkplaceConstitutionfromtheNewDealtothe NewRight Mitra Sharafi, Law and Identity in Colonial South Asia: Parsi Legal Culture,1772–1947 MichaelA.Livingston,TheFascistsandtheJewsofItaly:Mussolini’s RaceLaws,1938–1943 Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press Monitoring American Federalism The History of State Legislative Resistance CHRISTIAN G. FRITZ UniversityofNewMexico Published online by Cambridge University Press ShaftesburyRoad,Cambridgecb28ea,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment, adepartmentoftheUniversityofCambridge. WesharetheUniversity’smissiontocontributetosocietythroughthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781009325578 doi:10.1017/9781009325608 ©ChristianG.Fritz2023 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytake placewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment. Firstpublished2023 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLimited,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. isbn978-1-009-32557-8Hardback CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhis publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Published online by Cambridge University Press TomywifeMarleneandtoProfessorRobertMiddlekauff, dedicatedscholarandteacher Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents Acknowledgments pagex Introduction 1 1 TheRiddleofFederalismandtheGenesisofInterposition 11 2 EarlyStateUseofInterposition:TestingthePowers oftheNewNationalGovernment 39 3 StateInterpositionandDebatesovertheMeaningofthe Constitution 66 4 TheVirginiaandKentuckyResolutionsandMadison’s Reportof1800 91 5 StateInterpositionduringtheJeffersonandMadison Presidencies 129 6 StateChallengestotheSupremeCourt’sControlover ConstitutionalInterpretation 163 7 TheTransformationofInterposition:TheTheory ofNullificationEmerges 196 8 StateInterpositionandNullificationonthePathtoSecession 227 9 StateInterpositionduringandaftertheCivilWar 257 10 ModernInterpositionbyStatesand“Nullification” 287 ListofAbbreviations 307 Notes 309 SelectedShortTitles 393 Index 401 ix Published online by Cambridge University Press