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Molten Salt Reactors and Thorium Energy PDF

841 Pages·2017·14.11 MB·English
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Molten Salt Reactors and Thorium Energy Related titles HandbookofSmallNuclearReactors (ISBN:978-0-85709-851-1) MoltenSaltsChemistry: FromLabtoApplications (ISBN:978-0-12-398538-5) SmallModularReactors: FadorFuture (ISBN:978-0-08-100252-0) Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Molten Salt Reactors and Thorium Energy Edited by Thomas J. Dolan WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2017ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom thepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbe foundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanas maybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshould bemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessional responsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityfor anyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromany useoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-08-101126-3(print) ISBN:978-0-08-101243-7(online) ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:JoeHayton AcquisitionEditor:MariaConvey EditorialProjectManager:CharlotteKent ProductionProjectManager:DebasishGhosh Designer:MattLimbert TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Vision Weenvisionaworldwherealmosteverycountryhasaffordablemoltensaltreactors burning thorium, uranium, and spent fuel actinides, producing electricity, hydrogen, anddesalinizedwaterwithnoseriousaccidents. Thispageintentionallyleftblank Contents ListofContributors xvii Preface xxiii 1 Introduction 1 ThomasJ.Dolan 1.1 NeedforMSR 1 1.2 MSRoriginandresearchcurtailment 2 1.3 MSRactivities 3 1.4 Fissilefuels 4 1.5 Thoriumfueladvantages 5 1.6 LiquidfuelMSR 6 1.7 AdvantagesofliquidfuelMSR 7 1.8 MSRdevelopmentissues 10 1.9 Tritiumissues 11 References 12 2 Electricityproduction 13 LindsayDempsey,CharlesForsbergandThomasJ.Dolan 2.1 Heatengines 13 2.2 Rankinecycles 15 2.3 HeliumBraytoncycles 16 2.4 SupercriticalCO Braytoncycles 18 2 2.5 Metalvaporcombinedcycles 20 2.6 NuclearairBraytonpowercycles 20 2.7 Summary 27 References 27 3 Chemicalfundamentalsandapplicationsofmoltensalts 29 StephenBoydandChristopherTaylor 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Fundamentalphysicochemical propertiesofmoltensalts 30 3.3 Remotepowersources 45 3.4 Heatexchangersandmaterialsembrittlementchallenges 55 3.5 High-temperaturecommercialapplications 60 3.6 Actinideburning 68 3.7 Medicalisotopes 73 viii Contents 3.8 Desalination 74 3.9 Opticalapplications 80 3.10 Summaryandconclusions 80 Acknowledgment 82 References 82 FurtherReading 90 4 ReactorphysicsofMSR 93 YoichiroShimazu 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Interactionofneutronswithmatter 93 4.3 Multiplicationfactorofchainreactions 95 4.4 Cross-sections 95 4.5 Reactionrate 96 4.6 Neutronenergydistributionandmaxwell(cid:1)bolzmanndistribution 96 4.7 Transportanddiffusionofneutrons 98 4.8 Criticalityequation 101 4.9 Kineticequations 104 4.10 MonteCarlomethod 107 4.11 Conclusion 108 References 109 5 Kinetics,dynamics,andneutronnoiseinstationaryMSRs 111 ImrePa´zsitandVictorDykin 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 TheMSRmodel 113 5.3 Thestaticequations 114 5.4 Space(cid:1)time-dependenttransientduringstart-up 125 5.5 Dynamicequationsinthefrequencydomain:neutronnoise 140 5.6 Thepointkineticapproximationandthepointkineticcomponent 148 5.7 TheneutronnoiseinanMSR,inducedbypropagatingperturbations 159 5.8 Conclusions 164 Acknowledgment 164 References 164 6 Thermalhydraulicsofliquid-fueledMSRs 167 LelioLuzzi,AntonioCammi,ValentinoDiMarcelloandAlessandroPini 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Preliminaryapproachtothermo-hydraulicsofinternallyheated moltensalts 168 6.3 Heattransferandpressurelosses 173 6.4 Effectsofinternalheatgenerationonnaturalcirculationstability 178 6.5 Conclusions 184 Acknowledgments 184 Contents ix Abbreviations 185 References 185 7 Materials 189 RitsuoYoshioka,MotoyasuKinoshitaandIanScott 7.1 Moltensalt 189 7.2 Solidfuelswithmoltensaltcoolants 193 7.3 Thoriumfuelcycle 194 7.4 Moderators 194 7.5 Structural materials 199 7.6 Conclusions 206 References 206 8 Chemicalprocessingofliquidfuel 209 JanUhlı´rˇ 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 ProcessingoffreshliquidfuelforMSR 210 8.3 ReprocessingtechnologyofMSRfuel 211 8.4 Gasextractionprocess 213 8.5 Fusedsaltvolatilization 215 8.6 Moltensalt/liquidmetalextraction 220 8.7 Electrochemicalseparationprocesses 223 8.8 Vacuumdistillation 224 8.9 MSRreprocessingflowsheets 225 8.10 Conclusions 229 References 229 9 Environment,waste,andresources 231 RitsuoYoshioka,MotoyasuKinoshita,LarsJorgensenand MagdiRagheb 9.1 Decayheatinthethoriumcycle 231 9.2 Radiotoxicityinthethoriumcycle 238 9.3 NuclearwastefromThorContypereactors 246 9.4 Resourceutilization 247 9.5 Summary 258 References 258 10 NonproliferationandsafeguardsaspectsoftheMSRfuelcycle 261 SophieGrapeandCarlHellesen 10.1 Introductiontononproliferationandnuclearsafeguards 261 10.2 Theproliferationthreat 262 10.3 Attractivenessofnuclearmaterials 263 10.4 Nuclearsafeguards 265 10.5 NonproliferationadvantagesanddisadvantageswithMSRs 271

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Molten Salt Reactors is a comprehensive reference on the status of molten salt reactor (MSR) research and thorium fuel utilization. There is growing awareness that nuclear energy is needed to complement intermittent energy sources and to avoid pollution from fossil fuels. Light water reactors are co
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