Molecular Response and Genetic Engineering for Stress in Plants, Volume 1: Abiotic Stress

344 Pages·2022·21.457 MB·English

by  Pawan Shukla, Anirudh Kumar, Manish K. Pandey, Rakesh Kumar

Molecular Response and Genetic
Engineering for Stress in Plants,
Volume 1
Abiotic stress
Online at: https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-4921-5

Molecular Response and Genetic
Engineering for Stress in Plants,
Volume 1
Abiotic stress
Edited by
Pawan Shukla
Seri-Biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Anirudh Kumar
Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University,
Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India
Rakesh Kumar
Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi,
Karnataka, India
Manish K Pandey
Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
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ISBN 978-0-7503-4921-5(ebook)
ISBN 978-0-7503-4919-2(print)
ISBN 978-0-7503-4922-2(myPrint)
ISBN 978-0-7503-4920-8(mobi)
DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-4921-5
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Contents
Preface xii
Editors biographies xiv
List of contributors xvi
1 Understanding environmental associated abiotic stress 1-1
response in plants under changing climate
Vinay Sharma, Kalant Jambaladinni, Nitesh Singh, Neelam Mishra,
Anirudh Kumar and Rakesh Kumar
1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Aspects of abiotic stress 1-3
1.2.1 Types 1-3
1.2.2 Abiotic stress and oxidative stress 1-8
1.3 Major affected crops and resistant varieties 1-9
1.4 Key genes identified for abiotic tolerance 1-10
1.5 Recent examples of molecular approaches and outcomes: 1-15
transgenics and CRISPR/Cas9
1.6 Conclusions 1-16
Acknowledgement 1-18
Multiple choice questions 1-18
Descriptive-type questions 1-18
References 1-19
2 Metabolic engineering for understanding abiotic stress 2-1
tolerance in plants
Manoj Kumar and Kadambot H M Siddique
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Metabolomics-mediated interpretation of abiotic stress tolerance 2-2
in plants
2.3 Abiotic-stress-induced adjustment of primary and secondary 2-4
metabolites
2.4 Engineering metabolic genes and pathways to improve abiotic 2-5
stress tolerance
2.4.1 Drought tolerance 2-13
2.4.2 Salinity stress tolerance 2-19
2.4.3 Heat stress tolerance 2-21
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MolecularResponseandGeneticEngineeringforStressinPlants,Volume1
2.4.4 Cold stress tolerance 2-22
2.4.5 Heavy metals stress tolerance 2-23
2.5 Conclusions 2-24
Multiple choice questions 2-24
Descriptive-type questions 2-25
References 2-25
3 The molecular basis of mineral toxicity in plants 3-1
Abin Sebastian
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Plant growth responses in mineral-rich environments 3-4
3.3 Membrane transporters involved in the perception of mineral stress 3-6
3.4 Molecular targets of mineral toxicity 3-9
3.5 Mineral detoxification in plants 3-12
3.6 Conclusions 3-14
Fill in the blanks 3-15
Descriptive-type questions 3-15
References 3-15
4 Mechanistic insight into understanding drought stress 4-1
response in plants
Vinita Sharma, Vinay Sharma, Abhishek Bhandawat, Ankita Mishra,
Chibuikem Unamba, Joy Roy, Vikas Sharma and Himanshu Sharma
4.1 Introduction 4-2
4.2 Mechanisms involved in drought tolerance 4-3
4.2.1 Morphological mechanisms 4-3
4.2.2 Physiological mechanisms 4-4
4.2.3 Molecular mechanisms 4-7
4.3 Functions of drought-inducible genes/drought-responsive genes 4-9
4.4 Towards an improved drought tolerance in plants 4-9
4.4.1 Genome editing for drought-tolerant crops 4-9
4.4.2 CRISPR technology: revolutionizing genome editing 4-12
for crop improvement
4.5 Conclusions 4-14
Acknowledgments 4-14
Multiple choice questions 4-14
Descriptive-type questions 4-15
References 4-16
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MolecularResponseandGeneticEngineeringforStressinPlants,Volume1
5 Engineering salt tolerance in crops: ion transporters and 5-1
compatible solutes
Israr Ahmed and Pawan Shukla
5.1 Introduction 5-1
5.2 Physiological effects of salt stress on plant growth and development 5-3
5.3 Halophytes versus glycophytes 5-4
5.4 Salt stress sensing and signal transduction components 5-4
5.5 Sodium uptake and transport in plants 5-5
5.6 Transporters in salt stress 5-6
5.6.1 High-affinity potassium transporters 5-6
5.6.2 Salt overly sensitive 5-11
5.6.3 Proton pumps 5-11
5.6.4 Vacuolar H+-ATPase 5-12
5.6.5 Vacuolar H+ pyrophosphatases 5-12
5.7 Compatible solutes 5-13
5.7.1 Glycine betaine 5-13
5.7.2 Proline 5-14
5.8 Potassium transporters in salt tolerance 5-15
5.9 Conclusions 5-15
Acknowledgments 5-16
Multiple choice questions 5-16
Descriptive-type questions 5-17
References 5-17
6 Cold stress: molecular insight and way forward 6-1
Nikhil Malhotra and Shivani Sharma
6.1 Introduction 6-1
6.2 Sensing of cold stress signals 6-2
6.2.1 Cell membrane fluidity 6-2
6.2.2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels 6-3
6.2.3 Phytochromes 6-3
6.3 Molecular alterations during cold stress 6-4
6.4 Conclusions 6-6
Multiple choice questions 6-7
Descriptive-type questions 6-8
References 6-8
vii
MolecularResponseandGeneticEngineeringforStressinPlants,Volume1
7 Unraveling the molecular and genetic basis of plant 7-1
responses to heat stress
Ashish Gautam, Vinay Sharma, Charupriya Chauhan, Ravindra K Panwar,
Salil K Tewari and S K Verma
7.1 Introduction 7-1
7.2 Plant responses to heat stress 7-3
7.2.1 Morphological responses 7-3
7.2.2 Anatomical responses 7-5
7.2.3 Phenological responses 7-5
7.3 Adaptation mechanisms of plants to heat stress 7-6
7.3.1 Heat avoidance 7-7
7.3.2 Heat tolerance 7-7
7.4 Molecular basis of the heat stress response 7-7
7.4.1 Oxidative stress and antioxidants 7-7
7.4.2 Heat shock proteins 7-8
7.4.3 Other heat-activated proteins 7-12
7.5 Functions of heat-inducible genes 7-12
7.5.1 Activation of signaling pathway 7-14
7.6 Conclusions 7-14
Multiple choice questions 7-15
Descriptive-type questions 7-15
References 7-16
8 Oxidative stress responses in plants to abiotic stress tolerance 8-1
Abhaypratap Vishwakarma, Srinivas Suresh, Priscilla Kagolla,
Devade Pandurang Ramrao, Naveen Kumar Singh, Pawan Shukla,
Rakesh Kumar and Gaurav Kumar
8.1 Introduction 8-1
8.2 Antioxidant defense system 8-3
8.2.1 Enzymatic antioxidants 8-3
8.2.2 Nonenzymatic antioxidants 8-4
8.3 Involvement of NADPH oxidase (NOX) during abiotic stress 8-5
8.4 Hormones’ interaction with antioxidants 8-6
8.5 Contribution of transcription factors 8-7
8.6 Conclusions 8-10
Acknowledgments 8-10
Multiple choice questions 8-10
Descriptive-type questions 8-11
References 8-11
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MolecularResponseandGeneticEngineeringforStressinPlants,Volume1
9 Potential impacts of ultraviolet-B radiation on crop plants 9-1
and its consequences
Pooja Singh and Krishna Kumar Choudhary
9.1 Introduction 9-2
9.2 Visual injury symptoms under UV-B exposure 9-3
9.3 Growth and morphological characteristics 9-4
9.4 Physiological and biochemical characteristics 9-9
9.4.1 Photosynthesis 9-9
9.4.2 Photosystem II 9-10
9.4.3 Photosystem I 9-10
9.4.4 ATPase complex 9-11
9.4.5 Photosynthetic pigments 9-11
9.4.6 Calvin cycle enzyme: Rubisco 9-12
9.4.7 Generation of reactive oxygen species 9-12
9.4.8 Secondary metabolites 9-13
9.5 Reproductive fitness, crop yield and its quality 9-16
9.6 Conclusions 9-17
Acknowledgments 9-17
Multiple choice questions 9-18
Descriptive-type questions 9-18
References 9-19
10 Physiological and molecular mechanisms of submergence 10-1
and waterlogging stress tolerance in crops
Jinu Jacob, K Bini and K V Sumiya
10.1 Introduction 10-1
10.2 Changes in the physical and chemical properties of soil under 10-3
waterlogged conditions
10.2.1 Anoxia in waterlogged soils 10-3
10.2.2 Change in electrochemical properties of the soil in lowlands 10-3
10.2.3 Changes in pH of the soil 10-3
10.2.4 Changes in redox potential (Eh) of the soil 10-4
10.2.5 Changes in specific conductance 10-4
10.2.6 Changes in mineral composition 10-4
10.2.7 Organic matter decomposition 10-4
10.3 Morphological and anatomical responses to flooding/waterlogging 10-4
10.3.1 Generation of aerenchyma 10-5
ix