Molecular Plant Virology. Volume I, Virus Structure and Assembly and Nucleic Acid-Protein Interactions

239 Pages·2018·20.74 MB·English

by  Davis

Molecular Plant
Virology
Volume I
Virus Structure and Assembly
and
Nucleic Acid-Protein Interactions
Editor
Jeffrey W. Davies
Head
Virus Research Department
John Innes Institute
Norwich
United Kingdom
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Molecular plant virology.
Includes bibliographies and index.
Contents: v. 1. Virus structure and assembly and nucleic-
acid protein interactions.

1. Plant viruses — Collected works. 2. Molecular
biology — Collected works. I. Davies, Jeffrey W.
QR351 .M64 1985 576’ .6483 84-9469
ISBN 0-8493-6290-3 (v. 1)
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 84009469
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PREFACE
In calling this series Molecular Plant Virology, I had in mind aspects of plant virol-
ogy of interest to biochemists, molecular geneticists, biophysicists, genetic engineers,
or, collectively, "molecular biologists". At the same time, the intention was to provide
up-to-date reviews, by expert contributors, on current research topics in plant virology
of interest and referential use to virologists and plant biologists. The selected topics are
pitched mainly at a research level, but with sufficient introduction and cross-referenc-
ing to enable graduate students to enter this fascinating field and, hopefully, not get
lost.
Although the volumes are primarily for reference, I encouraged authors to provide
readily readable accounts, with, in some cases, interesting historical notes or at times
a personal touch. A certain amount of criticism or questioning adds to the flavor..
Molecular biology and virology have run a related course for many years, developing
together, merging at times, and gaining from each other. This is not surprising when
one considers the nature of virus particles, what we are now learning about their func-
tions, and what molecular biology is.
At this point a sinking feeling told me I might have to define molecular biology. I
decided to go back to the origin and roots of the term. Warren Weaver' states that the
first mention, in the 1938 Annual Report of the Rockefeller Foundation, describes
" a relatively new field, which may be called molecular biology, in which delicate
-
modern techniques are being used to investigate ever more minute details of certain life
processes". Later,' in a Harvey Lecture, Astbury stated that "Molecular Biology im-
plies searching below the large scale manifestations of classical biology for the corre-
sponding molecular plan". He went on to say that it was "concerned particularly with
the forms of biological molecules and with the evolution, exploitation and ramification
of these forms. . . . " He further stated that "Molecular Biology is predominantly
3-dimensional and structural" — but explained that "It must, of necessity, enquire at
the same time into genesis and function".
Volume I of Molecular Plant Virology reviews aspects of the structure of plant vi-
ruses, and development and application to physical techniques such as electron micro-
scopy and X-ray crystallography. The structure and assembly of rod-shaped, spherical,
and bacilliform virus particles are considered. In the latter case, nucleic acid-protein
interaction is emphasized which takes us a step nearer to function.
In Volume II, function and molecular plan (strategy) are the key words but still in
relation to structure, albeit nucleic acid sequence rather than particle structure. Here
again we see new and different techniques having remarkable influence. Early events
in infection are discussed, followed by gene expression and replication of RNA and
DNA viruses. These two "structure and function" volumes are being published almost
concurrently.
In the near future we will, hopefully, see the "exploitation", in the form of genetic
manipulation with plant viruses and the use of plant virus sequences in the construction
of gene vectors. The "ramifications" of the study of structure, function, and modifi-
cation of viruses should lead to a molecular analysis of virus-host relationships, host
range and symptom expression, and other plant responses including resistance. This
molecular pathology will require, however, a better understanding of the molecular
biology of plants, both healthy and infected, a subject which is now rapidly progress-
ing.3,4,7 8
Should the reader not be familiar with plant virology, I must recommend as one
excellent comprehensive text book, Matthew's Plant Virology,' and for companion
reading with this series, recent reports from research meetings, such as those of Cold
Spring Harbor' and EMBO or NATO Workshops.5-7
Jeffrey W. Davies
Norwich, January 1984
REFERENCES
1. Weaver, W., Molecular biology: origin of the term, Science, 170, 581, 1970.
2. Astbury, W. T., Adventures in Molecular Biology, Harvey Lecture Series, 46, 3, 1950.
3. Hall, T. C. and Davies, J. W., Nucleic Acids in Plants, Vols. I and II, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, 1979.
4. Grierson, D. and Covey, S., Plant Molecular Biology, Blackie Press, Glasgow, 1984.
5. Matthews, R. E. F., Plant Virology, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1982.
6. Robertson, H. D., Howell, S. H., Zaitlin, M., and Malmberg, R. L., Plant infectious agents: viruses,
viroids, virusoids and satellites, Current Comm. Molec. Biol., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New
York, 1983.
7. Ciferri, 0. and Dure, III, L., Eds., Structure and Function of Plant Genomes, NATO ASI Series,
Plenum Press, New York, 1983.
8. van Vloten-Doting, L., Groot, G. S. P., and Hall, T. C., Molecular Form and Function of the Plant
Genome, NATO ASI Series, Plenum Press, New York, 1985.
9. Hirth, L., Richards, K., and Fritig, B., Plant Viruses, Satellites and Viroids: Genome Structure,
Expression and Replication, EMBO Workshop, Strasbourg, 1984.
THE EDITOR
Jeffrey W. Davies, Ph.D., F.L.S., received a B.Sc. (1963) and Ph.D. (1966) at the
University of Nottingham where he began his research career with E.C. Cocking on
plant protoplasts and plant protein synthesis in cell-free extracts. From 1966 to 1970
he was a faculty member at the University of Edinburgh, in the then new Department
of Molecular Biology, headed by M.R. Pollock and W. Hayes. During this time, his
research concerned the control of enzyme synthesis and the structure and translation
of bacterial RNA. This interest extended to bacteriophages and plant viruses after an
EMBO-Fellowship (with L. Bosch) in Leiden, The Netherlands (1970), when he was
appointed Assistant Scientist in Paul Kaesberg's Biophysics Laboratory, at the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, Madison. His research there concerned translation and replication
of RNA bacteriophages and plant viruses, especially brome mosaic virus. In 1976, Dr.
Davies joined A. van Kammen's Department of Molecular Biology in Wageningen, the
Netherlands, where he continued research on the molecular biology of plant viruses.
In 1979, he was appointed Head of the Virus Research Department (formerly the
ARC Virus Research Unit, Cambridge) now at the John Innes Institute in Norwich.
Dr. Davies' current interests include the development of plant viruses as plant gene
vectors, and the molecular pathology of plant virus diseases.
CONTRIBUTORS
M. G. AbouHaidar, Ph.D. E. M. J. Jaspars, D.Sc.
Asssociate Professor Senior Staff Member
Department of Botany Department of Biochemistry
University of Toronto State University of Leiden
Toronto, Ontario Leiden, The Netherlands
Canada
G. P. Lomonossoff, Ph.D.
Virus Research Department
J. W. Erickson, Ph.D.
John Innes Institute
Assistant Professor
Norwich, United Kingdom
Department of Medicine
University of Wisconsin
M. G. Rossmann, Ph.D.
Medical School
Hanley Professor of Biological Sciences
Mount Sinai Medical Center
Purdue University
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
West Lafayette, Indiana
R. W. Horne, Sc. D., Hon. F.R.M.S. T. M. A. Wilson, Ph.D.
School of Biological Sciences Virus Research Department
University of East Anglia John Innes Institute
Norwich, United Kingdom Norwich, United Kingdom
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume I
VIRUS STRUCTURE AND ASSEMBLY AND NUCLEIC ACID-
PROTEIN INTERACTIONS
Chapter 1
The Development and Application of Electron Microscopy to the Structure of
Isolated Plant Viruses (cid:9) 1
R. W. Home
Chapter 2
Structure and in Vitro Assembly of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (cid:9) 43
G. P. Lomonossoff and T. M. A. Wilson
Chapter 3
Structure and in Vitro Assembly of Papaya Mosaic Virus (cid:9) 85
M. G. AbouHaidar and J. W. Erickson
Chapter 4
Structure and in Vitro Assembly of Southern Bean Mosaic Virus, in Relation to
That of Other Small Spherical Plant Viruses (cid:9) 123
M. G. Rossman
Chapter 5
Interaction of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Nucleic Acid and Protein (cid:9) 155
E. M. J. Jaspars
Index (cid:9) 223

Volume I (cid:9)1
Chapter 1
THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TO THE STRUCTURE OF ISOLATED
PLANT VIRUSES
R. W. Home
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.(cid:9) Introduction (cid:9) 2
II.(cid:9) Development of Electron Microscope Techniques (cid:9) 2
A. Shadow-Casting Method and Replicas (cid:9) 2
B. Thin Sections (cid:9) 4
C. Evaporated Carbon Films (cid:9) 4
D. Positive and Negative Staining Methods (cid:9) 5
III.(cid:9) Symmetry in Virus Architecture Revealed by the Electron Microscope (cid:9)5
IV.(cid:9) Terminology (cid:9) 7
V.(cid:9) The Extraction of Information from Electron Micrographs of Virus
Particles (cid:9) 7
A. Photographic Averaging (cid:9) 7
B. Optical Diffraction Methods Applied to Electron Micrographs (cid:9)8
C. Computer Image Reconstruction from Electron Micrographs (cid:9)11
D. The Processing and Analysis of Images by Computer Methods for
Modeling Viruses and Other Biological Structures (cid:9) 13
VI.(cid:9) Radiation Damage to the Specimen (cid:9) 15
VII. The Formation of the Crystalline and Paracrystalline Arrays of Plant
Viruses (cid:9) 16
VIII. The Application of Electron Microscopy to the Study of Dissociated
and Reassembled Products from Plant Viruses (cid:9) 24
IX.(cid:9) The Examination of Isolated Viral Nucleic Acids (cid:9) 26
X.(cid:9) Electron Microscopy of Partially Degraded Virus Particles (cid:9) 30
XI.(cid:9) Electron Microscope Studies of Reassembled Virus Products in Vitro (cid:9)30
A. Isometric Viruses (cid:9) 30
B. Rod and Flexuous Viruses (cid:9) 32
XII. Low Temperature Transmission Electron Microscopy (cid:9) 34
XIII. Abbreviations Used (cid:9) 36
References (cid:9) 38