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molecular mechanisms of senescence response to transforming growth factor-beta in liver cancer PDF

357 Pages·2010·43.68 MB·English
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MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SENESCENCE RESPONSE TO TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA IN LIVER CANCER A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS AND THE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE OF BILKENT UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ŞERİF ŞENTÜRK AUGUST 2010 I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Öztürk I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Neşe Atabey I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Nazmi Özer I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Işık Yuluğ I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assist. Prof. Dr. Uygar Tazebay Approved for the Institute of Engineering and Science Director of Institute of Engineering and Science Prof. Dr. Levent Onural ii ABSTRACT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SENESCENCE RESPONSE TO TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA IN LIVER CANCER Şerif Şentürk Ph.D. in Molecular Biology and Genetics Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZTÜRK August 2010, 250 Pages Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world. HCC is associated with several etiological factors including infections with hepatitis B and C viruses, heavy alcohol consumption and chronic aflatoxin B1 exposure. Due to its multi-step disease hallmark characterized with genetic heterogeneity, liver cancer has very limited therapeutic options. In light of many previous findings, cellular senescence acts as a barrier against immortalization and prohibits the proliferation of premalignant cells in various tumors including HCCs. However, implications of this anti-tumor mechanism in hepatic tissues are not well- known. TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine implicated in diverse cellular processes including senescence arrest as well as liver physiology and pathophysiology. Although TGF-β-induced senescence has been described in different cell types, this issue has never been addressed for hepatic cells. According to our recent data, TGF- β1 expression pattern in various HCC malignancies closely correlated with reported frequencies of SABG activities in these corresponding disease stages. Therefore, we hypothesized that TGF-β signaling might play key role in hepatocellular senescence. Well-differentiated (WD) five cell lines characterized with epithelial-like morphology displayed TGF-β-induced growth inhibition associated with SABG activity, with lack of evidence of apoptosis induction. Even a brief exposure to TGF- β was sufficient to trigger a massive senescence response. Senescence arrest in WD Cip1 cell lines was linked to c-myc down-regulation and a reciprocal increase in p21 iii Ink4b and p15 protein levels. In addition, TGF-β-induced senescence was correlated with Nox4 induction, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sustained 53BP1 foci formation as a mark of DNA-damage response. Moreover, intratumoral injection of TGF-β in human HCC tumors, generated subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice, induced expanded SABG that was associated with a strong anti-tumor response activity. On the other hand, poorly differentiated (PD) HCC cell lines with mesenchymal-like characteristics appeared to be resistant to TGF−β-induced senescence. However, PD cell lines had intact TGF-β signaling from cell membrane to nucleus. Resistance of PD cell lines was partially due to zeb2 overexpression, Ink4b homozygous p15 deletion and lack of pRb expression. Besides, PD cells did not display Nox4 upregulation and also lacked ROS accumulation upon TGF-β stimulation. In addition, we demonstrated that sustained exposure to TGF-β established resistant Huh7 subclone. The resistance was partially attributed to deregulated Smad signaling, permanent epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like transformation. Surprisingly enough, removal of TGF-β from culture medium of continuously treated Huh7 subclone did not resolve the resistance phenotype in the rescued subclone. Epigenetic regulations mainly histone modifications are considered as candidate mechanisms responsible for irreversible TGF-β-resistance and maintenance of mesenchymal-like phenotype. Taken together, our results establish a close link between senescence arrest and anti-tumor activity of TGF-β signaling pathway in WD cell lines by delineating the mechanisms underlying TGF-β-induced growth arrest. Moreover, we propose partial explanation for the resistance to TGF-β- mediated growth arrest in PD cell lines and thoroughly signify the potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to TGF-β in continuously treated cultures. Further studies to enlighten our knowledge about implications of TGF-β signaling in less differentiated HCCs are necessary. As a conclusion, we identify TGF-β signaling as a potent therapeutic option for well-differentiated early HCCs. iv ÖZET KARACİĞER KANSERİNDE BAŞKALAŞTIRICI BÜYÜME ETMENİ-BETA’YA BAĞLI YAŞLANMA YANITININ MOLEKÜLER MEKANİZMALARI Şerif Şentürk Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Doktorasi Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Öztürk Ağustos 2010, 250 Sayfa Hepatoselüler kanser dünyada beşinci sıklıkta görülen kanser türüdür ve hepatit b ve c virüsü enfeksiyonlarına, yüksek alkol tüketimine ve aflatoksin b1’e maruz kalmak gibi etiyolojik faktörlere bağlı olarak gelişir. Genetik heterojenlik özelliği ile karakterize edilen karaciğer kanseri çok basamaklı bir hastalık olması özelliği ile de tedavi edici opsiyonlar bakımından sınırlıdır. Daha önce elde edilen bilgiler ışığında, hücre yaşlanmasının ölümsüzleşme karşıtı bir mekanizma olduğu ve bu yönüyle de karaciğer kanserleri de dahil olmak üzere birçok kanser türünde habis oluşuma engel olan bir bariyer olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ancak tümör karşıtı bu mekanizmanın karaciğer kanserindeki rolü tam olarak bilinmemektedir. TGF-β çok yönlü bir sitokin olup, hücre yaşlanması ve karaciğer hastalıkları da dahil olmak üzere birçok hücresel işlemde rol aldığı belirtilmektedir. Daha önceleri, TGF-β’ya bağlı yaşlanma gözlemleri birçok hücre için belirtilmiş olduğu halde bu konu karaciğer hücreleri için çalışılmamıştır. Yeni elde ettiğimiz bulgulara göre, farklı karaciğer hastalık dokularında görülen TGF-β ifadesi, yine aynı dokularda tespit edilen hücre yaşlanması sıklığıyla benzerlik göstermektedir. Bundan yola çıkarak, TGF-β sitokininin karaciğer rahatsızlıklarında görülen yaşlanma ile ilintili olabileceğini düşündük. Epitel kökenli iyi diferansiye beş karaciğer kanseri hücre hattı TGF-β muamelesi ile birlikte yaşlanma belirtgeci için pozitif aktivite ile karakterize olan hücre bölünmesinde inhibisyon göstermiştir. TGF-β ile bir dakikadan daha az muamele bile çok belirgin bir yaşlanma yanıtı oluşturmak için v yeterli olmuştur. Iyi diferansiye hücrelerde görülen yaşlanma yanıtı c-myc düşüşü ve Ink4b Cip1 karşıt p15 ve p21 protein artışı ile ilintilidir. Öte yandan TGF-β tarafından tetiklenen yaşlanma yanıtı Nox4 artışı, hücre içi reaktif oksijen türleri birikimi ve kalıcı dna hasarı yanıtı olarak nükleer 53BP1 odaklarının oluşmasıyla ilişkilidir. Dahası, deri altı tümörlerinde, tumor içi TGF-β enjeksiyonu çok belirgin yaşlanma yanıtı geliştirmiş ve bu yanıt tümör engelleyici sonuçlar doğurmuştur. Diğer taraftan, mezenkimal kökenli kötü diferansiye hücre hatları TGF-β’ya bağlı yaşlanma yanıtına direnç göstermektedirler. Bu hücre hatlarında TGF-β sinyal yolağında herhangi bir sorun olmadığını tespit ettik. Direnç mekanizmasının kısmen Ink4b zeb2 protein miktarındaki artışa, p15 delesyonuna ve pRb eksikliğine bağlı olduğu gösterildi. Bununla birlikte bu hücrelerde Nox4 artışı ve reaktif oksijen türlerinde birikimi gözlemleyemedik. Öte yandan Huh7 hücrelerini devamlı TGF-β muamelesine maruz bıraktığımızda dirençli klonlar elde ettik. Direnç mekanizmasının kısmen Smad yolağındaki bozukluklara ve kalıcı epitel-mezenkimal dönüşüme bağlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İlginç olarak, devamlı muamele edilen dirençli klonları TGF-β’dan kurtarıp elde ettiğimiz ikincil klonda TGF-β yanıtının geri gelmediğini gözlemledik. Bu geri dönüşümsüz direnç mekanizmalarının temelinde olası epigenetik regülasyonların rol aldığıyla ilgili sonuçlar elde ettik. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular yaşlanma yanıtı oluşturan mekanizmalarla TGF-β’nın tümör karşıtı özelliği arasında yakın bir bağlantı kurmaktadır. Bundan başka, kötü diferansiye hücre hatlarındaki direnç için kısmi açıklama da getirmiş bulunuyoruz. Uzun dönem TGF-β muamelesi sonucunda oluşan direnç için de mekanizmalar üzerinde detaylı çalışmalar yürütmüş bulunuyoruz. Netice itibari ile, TGF-β sinyal yolağının iyi diferansiye karaciğer kanserlerinde tümör karşıtı tedavi edici özelliği konusunda önemli ipuçları sunuyoruz. vi TO MY PARENTS GÜLTEN and İSMAİL ŞENTÜRK And TO MY LOVELY SISTER ASLI ŞENTÜRK FOR THEIR ENDLESS LOVE and SUPPORT AİLEME vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is of great pleasure for me to thank many people who have made this thesis possible. First and foremost, I wish to express my greatest thanks to my thesis advisor and mentor Prof. Dr. Mehmet Öztürk for his invaluable supervision and guidance throughout this study. I am grateful for his endless patience, motivation, enthusiasm, inspiring comments and immense knowledge in molecular biology and encouragement for personal development in this research field. I would like to thank the entire MBG faculty. I am grateful to Assoc. Prof. Rengül Çetin-Atalay, Assoc. Prof. Kamil Can Akçalı and Assoc. Prof. Uygar Tazebay for their efforts and help in providing me with experimental support and inspiration. It was always a great pleasure to work with Assoc. Prof. Işık Yuluğ, Assoc. Prof. Özlen Konu and Prof. Tayfun Özçelik in the same environment. Many thanks will go to all the members of the Molecular Oncology Group, especially to Mine Mumcuoğlu, Gökhan Yıldız, Çiğdem Özen, Eylül Harputlugil, Mustafa Yılmaz and of course to Haluk and Özge Yüzügüllü who have always been so much more than just lab colleagues. Of course, many thanks to all the past members including Nuri Öztürk, Nilgün Taşdemir, Ayça Arslan-Ergül, Sevgi Bağışlar, M. Ender Avcı and Dr. Hani Alotaibi who are long gone but never forgotten. I have learned from them and shared a lot and most importantly had the chance to work together. I would also like to thank all the members of the MBG lab, especially to Koray Doğan Kaya, İbrahim Fırat Taş and Tamer Kahraman, Tülin Erşahin, Ebru Bilget Güven for their friendship and support. viii I was delighted to interact with Füsun Elvan, Sevim Baran, Abdullah Ünnü, Turan Daştandır, Bilge Kılıç, Burcu Cingöz, Emre Buğdaycı and Yavuz Ceylan during my research period at Bilkent University. I am indebted to them for their help in or outside the lab. Last but not the least, my deepest gratitude goes to my family for their unconditional love and support throughout my life; I would like to dedicate this dissertation to them. This work was supported by the KANILTEK project from State Planning Office, and partially by a grant from TUBITAK. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... III ÖZET .......................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................ X LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................XVII LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. XVIII ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................XXVII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 1.1. Liver Homeostasis................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Hepatocellular Carcinoma..................................................................................... 4 1.3 Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ........................................................... 4 1.3.1. Viral Hepatocarcinogenesis ............................................................................... 6 1.3.2. Alcohol-induced Hepatocarcinogenesis............................................................. 9 1.3.3. Aflatoxin-induced Hepatocarcinogenesis .......................................................... 9 1.3.4. Other Aetiological Factors Associated With HCC .......................................... 10 1.4. Genetics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ............................................................... 11 1.4.1. Genetic Aberrations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma .......................................... 11 1.5. Liver Cirrhosis and senescence........................................................................... 13 x

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