Molecular Mechanisms for Repair of DNA: Part A PDF
Preview Molecular Mechanisms for Repair of DNA: Part A
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR REPAIR OF DNA Part A BASIC LIFE SCIENCES Alexander Hollaender, General Editor The University of Tennessee Knoxville and Associated Universities, Inc. Washington, D. C. 1973: Volume 1. GENE EXPRESSION AND ITS REGULATION Edited by F. T. Kenney, B. A. Hamkalo, G. Favelukes, and J. T. August Volume 2. GENES, ENZYMES, AND POPULATIONS Edited by A. M. Srb 1974: Volume 3. CONTROL OF TRANSCRIPTION Edited by B. B. Biswas, R. K. Mandai, A. Stevens, and W. E. Cohn Volume 4. PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF REPRODUCTION (Parts A and B) Edited by E. M. Coutinho and F. Fuchs 1975: Volume 5. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR REPAIR OF DNA (Parts A and B) Edited by P. C. Hanawalt and R. B. Setlow Volume 6. ENZYME INDUCTION Edited by D. V. Parke A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR REPAIR OF DNA Part A Edited by c. PHILIP HANAWALT Department of Biology Stanford University and RICHARD B. SETLOW Biology Department Brookhaven National Laboratory PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Molecular mechanisms for repair of DNA. (Basic I ife sciences; v. 5) "Based upon a workshop conference on molecular mechanisms for repair of DNA at Squaw Valley, California, February 25-March 1, 1974." Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid repair-Congresses. I. Hanawalt, Philip C., 1931- II. Setlow, Richard Burton. QP624.M64 574.8'732 75-17731 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2897-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2895-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2895-7 First half of the Proceedings of a workshop conference on Molecular Mechanisms for Repair of DNA, held in Squaw Va"ey, California, February 25-March 1, 1974 ©1975 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 19 75 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NW1 0 6SE, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without permission from the Publisher This volume is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Ruth Frances Hill Ruth Frances Hill 1917-1973 Dr. Ruth Frances Hill died suddenly of a cerebral hemorrhage on November 3, 1973, in Toronto, where she was Professor of Biology at York University. Ruth Hill won an important and secure place in the history of biology by virtue of her discovery in 1958 of the first radiation-sensitive mutant bacterium, strain BS•1 of Escherichia coli. The isolation of this mutant came as a surprise to radiation geneticists, who up to that time had been more concerned with the isolation of radiation-resistant strains. Furthermore, the extent to which the mutant alleles in BS•1 affected sensitivity, especially to ultraviolet light, was vastly greater than had ever been observed before for other physical, chemical, or biological modi fiers of radiobiological action. It was not surprising that the very existence of such a mutant should immediately have attracted the interest of radiation biologists, most of whom were accustomed to dealing with three- or fourfold changes in radiosensitivity but certainly not with sensitization factors of 100 or more. The many theories and experiments stimulated by Ruth's discovery of E. coli BS.1 have, to say the least, changed the complexion of cellular radiobiology. But even more significantly, comparative studies of BS.1 and wild-type strains, designed to elucidate the macromolecular basis of wild-type resistance, led to the discovery in 1964 of DNA excision-repair, one of the few fundamental processes in molecular biology that was not foreseen by the clairvoyant pioneers of that field. Robert H. Haynes Foreword An "age" has passed in the 40 years since we first observed recovery from radiation damage in irradiated bacteria. During the early 1930s, we had been discussing the possibility of rapid changes after radiation exposure with Farring ton Daniels, Benjamin Duggar, John Curtis, and others at the University of Wisconsin. After working with living cells, we had concluded that organisms receiving massive insults must have a wide variety of repair mechanisms available for restoration of at least some of the essential properties of the cell. The problem was how to fmd and identify these recovery phenomena. At that time I was working on a problem considered to be of great importance-the existence of the so-called mitogenetic rays. Several hundred articles and a score of books had already appeared dealing with mitogenetic rays, a type of radiation that was thought to exist in the shorter ultraviolet region. Our search for mitogenetic rays necessitated the design of experiments of greatest sensitivity for the detection of ultraviolet. It was vital that conditions be kept as constant as possible during exposure. All the work was done at icewater temperature (3-5°C) during and after exposure. We knew that light was an important factor for cell recovery, so all our experiments were done in dim light, with the plated-out cells being covered with dark cloth. Our statements on the effect of visible light stimulated Kelner to search for "photoreactivation' (as it was later called). We attempted to exhaust all possible means for the detection of these elusive "rays" before expressing an opinion. Under carefully controlled conditions (this work is described in Monograph No. 100 of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences), we were not able to confirm the existence of this radiation. However, the strictly controlled experiments we designed made the eventual discovery of "recovery" inevitable. I realized there must be some enzyme that stimulated recovery, and I spent a few weeks in Northrop's laboratory (then called Rockefeller Institute) outside Princeton, New Jersey, working with Kunitz in an effort to isolate the stimulating enzyme. But with my limited knowledge of the recovery process our experiments were not successful. In the 1940s, we attempted to interest other investigators in the problem of recovery, but to no avail. It was not until the many new developments of the early 1950s and 1960s that interest in this problem was revived. Then began the tremendous progress in understanding the structure and function of nucleic acid vii viii Foreword and protein chemistry. These observations of 30 years ago opened up the possibilities that led to the development of studies in molecular biology, and formed the basis for many new types of investigations in the field of repair investigations that are so well discussed in this book. Alexander Hollaender Associated Universities, inc. and University of Tennessee Preface This book is the outgrowth of a workshop conference on Molecular Mechanisms for Repair of DNA held at Squaw Valley, California, in February 1974. Nearly 200 researchers and students gathered to discuss this timely subject and to present their recent results. Constructive interactions took place among geneti cists, biochemists, and radiation biologists as DNA repair models were debated at the conference. We felt that a book on DNA repair to document that discussion would be useful to researchers in this field and in related fields-especially since a compre hensive treatment of this subject has not recently been published. The ideas and current knowledge in the field of DNA repair are of interest to workers in many areas (e.g. replication of nucleic acids, mutagenesis, environmental biology, carcinogenesis). Although the organization of this book by sections follows closely the organization of the meeting by sessions, the book does not represent direct proceedings. Rather, it is an attempt to compile a group of short articles that serve to define our current state of knowledge. This includes articles by each of the invited participants at the meeting as well as short communications from others. The session chairmen have each prepared introductory articles for the sections that give overviews of the respective subtopics. The manuscripts were assembled in May 1974. A number of the manuscripts have been severely pared-otherwise, in the interest of prompt publication in this rapidly moving field we have not done much editorial tampering with individual manuscripts. We regret that we were not able to accommodate all of the contributed articles in the book. For historical interest, we reprint an early note (1935) in which Alexander Hol laender hinted that the damage produced by radiation in cells might be subject to repair. This may have been the first suggestion of repair-7 years after Gates had shown that the action spectrum for killing of bacteria by UV paralleled the absorption spectrum for nucleic acid. The Squaw Valley conference was supported in part by a contract with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. We are also indebted to the American Cancer Society for a grant to assist with travel of invited participants. We express our appreciation to Fred Fox and his assistants Charlotte Miller and Fran Stusser for ix x Preface administering the meeting through the ICN-UCLA Squaw Valley Conferences on Molecular Biology. We also acknowledge the assistance of Pat Seawell, who helped with the arrangements during the week of the meeting. P. C. Hanawalt Stanford University R. B. Setlow Brookhaven National Laboratory
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