Molecular Host Plant Resistance to Pests (Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment) PDF
Preview Molecular Host Plant Resistance to Pests (Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment)
Molecular Host Plant Resistance to Pests S. Sadasivam B. Thayumanavan Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore, India Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. MARCEL - MARCELD EKKERIN,C . NEWY ORK BASEL DEKKER Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neithertheauthor(s)northepublisher,noranyoneelseassociatedwiththispublica- tion,shallbeliableforanyloss,damage,orliabilitydirectlyorindirectlycausedor allegedtobecausedbythisbook.Thematerialcontainedhereinisnotintendedto providespecificadviceorrecommendationsforanyspecificsituation. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog recordfor this bookisavailable from the Libraryof Congress. ISBN: 0-8247-0990-X This bookisprintedon acid-freepaper. 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Current printing (last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED INTHE UNITED STATES OFAMERICA Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. BOOKS IN SOILS, PLANTS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT Editorial Board Agricultural Engineering Robert M. Peart, University of Florida, Ciainesville Animal Science Harold Hafs, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey Crops Mohammad Pessarakli, University of Ariz’ona, Tucson Irrigation and Hydrology Donald R. Nielsen, University of California, Davis Microbiology Jan Dirk van Elsas, Research Institute for Plant Protection, Wageningen, The Netherlands Plants L. David Kuykendall, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland Kenneth B. Marcum, Texas A&M University, El Paso, Texas Soils Jean-Marc Bollag, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, University of Tokyo Soil Biochemistry, Volume I, edited by A. D. McLaren and G. H. Peterson Soil Biochemistry, Volume 2, edited by A. D. McLaren and J. SkujinS Soil Biochemistrv, Volume 3, edited by E. A. Paul and A. D. McLaren Soil Biochemistr-y, Volume 4, edited by E. A. Paul and A. D. McLaren Soil Biochemistry, Volume 5, edited by E. A. Paul and J. N. Ladd Soil Biochemistry, Volume 6, edited by Jean-Marc Bollag and G. Stotzky Soil Biochemistry, Volume 7, edited by G. Stotzky and Jean-Marc Bollag Soil Biochemistry, Volume 8, edited by Jean-Marc Bollag and G. Stotzky Soil Biochemistry, Volume 9, edited by G. Stotzky and Jean-Marc Bollag Soil Biochemistry, Volume 10, edited by Jean-Marc Bollag and G. Stotzky Orgunic Chemicals in the Soil Environment, Volumes 1 and 2, edited by C. A. I. Goring and J. W. Hamaker Humic Substances in the Environment, M. Schnitzer and S. U. Khan Microbial Life in the Soil: An Introduction, T. Hattori Principles oJ’Soil Chemistry, Kim H. Tan Soil Analysis: Instrumental Techniques and Related Procedures, edited by Keith A. Smith Soil Reclamation Processes: Microbiological Analyses and Applications, edited by Robert L. Tate I11 and Donald A. Klein Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Technology, edited by Gerald H. Elkan Soil- Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications, Shingo Iwata and Toshio Tabuchi with Benno P. Warkentin Soil Analjvis: Modern Instrumental Techniques, Second Edition, edited by Keith A. Smith Soil Analj>sis:P hysical Methods, edited by Keith A. Smith and Chris E. Mullins Grobvth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops, N. K. Fageria, V. C. Baligar, and Charles Allan Jones Semiarid Lands and Deserts: Soil Resource and Reclamation, edited by J. Skujin Plant Roots: The Hidden HaK edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi Plant Biochemical Regulators, edited by Harold W. Gausman Maximizing Crop Yields, N. K. Fageria Transgenic Plants: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Andrew Hiatt Soil Microbial Ecology: Applications in Agricultural and Environmental Management, edited by F. Blaine Metting, Jr. Principles of Soil Chemistry: Second Edition, Kim H. Tan Water Flow in Soils. edited by Tsuyoshi Miyazaki Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Genetic Improvement of Field Crops, edited by Gustavo A. Slafer Agricultural Field E-xperiments: Design and Analysis, Roger G. Petersen Environmental Soil Science, Kim H. Tan Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Improved Productivity: Modern Approaches, edited by Amarjit S. Basra Selenium in the Environment. edited by W. T. Frankenberger, Jr., and Sally Benson Plant-Environment Interactions. edited by Robert E. Wilkinson Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Handbook of Phytoulexin Metabolism and Action, edited by M. Daniel and R. P. Purkayastha Soil- Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications. Second Edition. Revised and Expanded, Shingo Iwata, Toshio Tabuchi. and Benno P. Warkentin Stored-Grain Ecosystems, edited by Digvir S. Jayas. Noel D. G. White, and William E. Muir Agrochemicals ,from Natural Products, edited by C. R. A. Godfrey Seed Development and Germination, edited by Jaime Kigel and Gad Galili Nitrogen Fertilization in the Environment, edited by Peter Edward Bacon Phytohormones in Soils: Microbial Production and Function, William T. Frankenberger, Jr., and Muhammad Arshad Handbook of Weed Management Systems, edited by Albert E. Smith Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis, Kim H. Tan Soil Erosion, Conservation, and Rehabilitation, edited by Menachem Agassi Plant Roots: The Hidden HaK Second Edition. Revised and Expanded, edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi Photoassimilate Distribution in Plants and Crops: Source-Sink Relationships, edited by Eli Zamski and Arthur A. Schaffer Mass Spectrometry of Soils, edited by Thomas W. Boutton and Shinichi Yamasaki Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hanilbook of' Photosjx tlirsi.s. edited by M ohammad Pessa ra kl i Chernical mid Isotopic Groundwaicr Hyrirologj: Tlir Applied Approach. Sccond Edition, Rcciwtl und E.~pundei/.E manuel Mazor Soil and Pliint Aiiuljsis in Sir.vtnincih~cA gri~.fdfiii~rird ~E n\1irc7riment. edited by Teresa Hood and .I. Benton Jones. .Ir. Seeds Hiindhook: Biology, Prorli~tion.P ro( ing, and Sloivgc. B. B. Desai. P. M. Kotecha, and D. K. Salunkhe Modern Soil Microbiolo,q~e. dited by J. D. van Elsas, J. T. Trevors, and E. M. H. Wellington Growth and Minrrul Nutrition of' Field Crops: Sc~coriclE dition, N. K. Fageria, V. C. Baligar, and Charles Allan Jones I.'ullaU/ PUfhil~~~'~7t'Siti?. S PlUllt.5 llrld CY(Jj7.S: i\!(JleC14/Ur BicJ/O,qj' Ulld Ijfl.Sf nc'/&.Se Mechunisni.c, P. Vidhyasekaran Plant Pathogen Detrc,tion and Disrmc Diag:no.si.c. P. Narayanasamy Agrii~i~lti~Sr~u.l. steti?.sM (J(k/iii<qa nd Sin?ulation. edited by Robert M. Peart and R. Bruce Curry Agrici~lturulB iotrc./iiiologl,,e dited by Arie Altman Plant-Microbe 1nterucfion.v unrl Biological Cotitrol. edited by Greg J. Boland and L. David Kuqkendnll Hatidbook oJ' Soil Conditiower.s: Si~b.stancrsT hat Enhunce the Phj.sicul Propi)rtitj.r qf' Soil, edited by Arthur Wallace and Richard E. Terry Etivironn?mrirl Clien?istrj~o f Sd~wi~emdi,t ed by William T. Frankenberger, Jr., and Richard A. Engberg Principles of' Soil C'hmiistrj~:T hird Edition, Revim1 ailil E.ypun(leii, Kim H. Tan Sulfur in the Envir.onnimt, edited by Douglas G. Maynard Soil- !Wucli iiw It ife ruc f ioi7.s: A Fin it(, Elmiiw I Pcwpwtivt~,e dited by J ie Sh en and Kadhey La1 Kushwaha Mjwtosins in .4~yricdtrrrcu t7d Food Snf~ij,e.d ited by Kaushal K . Sinha and Deepak Bhatnagar Plant Ainirio Ac,ids: Bioclirmisiry and Biotdinologj,, edited by Bijay K. Singh Hundbook of Finictionul Plunt Gologj.. edited by Francisco I. Pugnaire and Fernando Valladares Handbook of' Plant rind crop Sire eco?id Edition. Revised und E.xpundcd. edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Plant Re~poii,ws to E17rirotiiiirntiil S[rc,s.ws: From P1ij~foliorloize.st o Genome Reor~~crriirtrrioreid. ited by H. R. Lerner Hunilhook of' Pcst .Managcn~cnt,e dited by John R. Ruberson Environmr~ntu l Soil .%icwc,c: Secwirl Edition, Rrvisrd and E.vpnndcd, Kim H. Tan Microhid Eniioplij~r.s,e dited by Charles W. Bacon and James F. White, Jr. Plant-~tiviroiir?i(,iiI~n ierrrc~tions:S cc,onrl Edition, edited by Robert E. Wilkinson Microbial Pcst C'onirol, Sushi1 K. Khetan Soil uiid ~n~~irorinicritAnrli irlj~.si.~:P hj,.vic,ul .Meiliods, Scconrf Edition. Revisid U F I ~ E.\-p(rnclerl.e dited by Kcith A. Smith and Chris E. Mullins Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Rhizosphere: Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the Soil-Plant Interface, Roberto Pinton, Zeno Varanini, and Paolo Nannipieri Woody Plants and WoodjB Plant Management: Ecology, Safety, and Environmental Impact, Rodney W. Bovey Metals in the Environment: Analysis by Biodiversity, M. N. V. Prasad Plant Pathogen Detection and Disease Diagnosis: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, P. Narayanasamy Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology: Second Edition, Revised and Ex,panded, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic, edited by William T. Frankenberger, Jr. Enzjmes in the Environment: Activity, Ecology. and Applications, edited by Richard G. Burns and Richard P. Dick Plant Roots: The Hidden Hay; Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited bly Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi Handbook of Plant Growth: pH as the Master Variable, edited by Zdenko Rengel Biological Control of Crop Diseases, edited by Samuel S. Gnanamanickam Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment. edited by Willis B. Wheeler Mathematical Models of Crop Growth and Yield. Allen R. Overman and Richard V. Scholtz 111 Plant Biotechnology and Transgenic Plants, edited by Kirsi-Marja Olksman- Caldentey and Wolfgang H. Barz Handbook of Postharvest Technology: Cereals, Fruits, Vegetables. Tea, and Spices, edited by Amalendu Chakraverty. Arun S. Mujumdar, G. S. Vijaya Raghavan, and Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy Handbook qf’ Soil Acidity, edited by Zdenko Rengel Hurnic Matter in Soil and the Environment: Principles and Controversies, Kim H. Tan Molecular Host Resistance to Pests. S. Sadasivam and B. Thayumanavan Additional Volumes in Preparation Soil and Environniental Analysis: Modern Instrumental Techniques, Third Edition, edited by Keith A. Smith and Malcolm S. Cresser Chemical and Isotopic Groundwsater Hydrology: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Emanuel Mazor Agricultural Systems Management. Optiniizing Efficiency and Performance, Robert M. Peart and Dean W. David Shoup Seeds Handbook: Biology. Production. Processing, and Storage; Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Babasaheb B. Desai Physiology and Biotechnology Integration for Plant Breeding, edited by Henry T. Nguyen and Abraham Blum Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preface The ever-increasing global population necessitates continued effort to increasefoodproduction.Cropyieldhastobeincreasedandthelossdueto pestsanddiseasesmustbeminimized.Theinsectpests,apartfromdamaging thecropsdirectly,causevariousdiseasesindirectlysincetheyactascarriers of disease. So it becomes imperative to minimize the loss caused by insects. To overcome the loss, farmers are advised to use pesticides which in turn increasesthecostofcultivationandfurthercausesenvironmentalproblems. Alternatively, scientists are looking for eco-friendly methods to combat the insect pest population in the field. With the advent of genetic transformation techniques it is now possible to grow crops with alien genes that confer resistance to insects. Transgeniccropscanbeproducedbytransferringgenesofnonplantorplant origin. The world has already seen transgenic crops with genes from a nonplantorigin,(e.g.,Blcotton).Inthedynamicecosystemofafarmthereis alwaysapressingneedtorotatecrops,andinthecontextofbiotechnology- driven agriculturethereisaneedtorotategenes.Thegenesalreadypresent in plants will naturally be preferred if found more potent than the non- plant genes. These genes will contribute to eco-friendly practices in crop protection. Although there are varieties of plant chemicals reported to be associated with insect resistance there is no proper cataloguing of these compounds. In this book we attempt to give the available information on thesesecondarymetabolites.Thechapterscontaininformationonchemical structure,biosynthesis,bioactivity,mechanismofaction,molecularbiology, and perspective in order to give the reader a comprehensive review of these chemicals. This book will help the researcher in this exciting field of Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. iv Preface molecularapproachestoinsectresistancetogetcomprehensiveinformation in one volume. Although we began the book with the intention to finish it in a year, we could not do so for various reasons. As we proceeded, the information was pouring in and we included the most recent information possible. Many scientists contributed information, advice, and valuable time in reviewing this book. Dr. P. Balasubramanian was instrumental in formulating the title of the book. Dr. S. Mohankumar, Dr. M. Bharathi, Dr. M. Maheswaran, Dr. M. Mohan, Dr. Selvi, Dr. Raja, Mr. Sivakumar, and Dr. Suseela Gomathi were kind enough to go through the manuscript and make corrections. Dr. D. Sudhakar (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India), Dr. R. Croteau (Washington State University, U.S.A), Dr. B. A. Halkier (Centre of Molecular Plant Physiology, Denmark), Dr.P.J.Facchini(UniversityofCalgary,Canada),Dr.T.H.Schuler(IACR Rothamsted, UK), Dr. B. L. Moller (Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University,Denmark),Dr.I.T.Baldwin(MaxPlanckInstituteforChemical Ecology, Germany), Dr. R. Barkovich (University of California, U.S.A.), Dr. I. Feussner (Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany),Dr.R.Verpoorte(CentreforDrugResearch,TheNetherlands), and Dr. D. J. Chitwood (USDA-ARS, U.S.A.), provided us with reprint material. We owe our thanks to them and all the others in our center who have helped us in various ways; without them the dream would not have become a reality. Our thanks to Marcel Dekker, Inc. for their patience and sustainedinterestinthisarea. S.Sadasivam B. Thayumanavan Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contents Preface 1. Introduction 1.1. Plant Resistance to Insect Pests 1.2. Development of Insect Resistant Crop Varieties 1.3. Genetic Engineering 1.4. Plant Secondary Metabolites for Insect Resistance 2. Morphological and Phenological Features 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Color and Shape (Remote Factors) 2.3. Close-Range or Contact Factors 2.4. Trichomes 2.5. The Combination of Factors 2.6. Influence of Plant Morphological Factors in Tritrophic (Plant, Herbivore and Carnivore) Interactions 2.7. Perspectives 3. Nonprotein Amino Acids 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Chemistry and Classification 3.3. Occurrence 3.4. Biosynthesis 3.5. Bioactivity 3.6. Mechanism of Action 3.7. Molecular Biology 3.8. Perspectives 4. Lectins 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Chemistry and Classification Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. vi Contents 4.3. Occurrence 4.4. Biosynthesis 4.5. Bioactivity 4.6. Mechanism of Action 4.7. Molecular Biology 4.8. Perspectives 5. Enzyme Inhibitors 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Chemistry and Classification 5.3. Occurrence 5.4. Biosynthesis 5.5. Bioactivity 5.6. Mode of Action 5.7. Molecular Biology 5.8. Perspectives 6. Cyanogenic Glycosides 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Occurrence 6.3. Chemistry and Classification 6.4. Biosynthesis 6.5. Bioactivity 6.6. Mechanism of Action 6.7. Molecular Biology 6.8. Perspectives 7. Glucosinolates 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Occurrence 7.3. Chemistry and Classification 7.4. Biosynthesis 7.5. Bioactivity 7.6. Mechanism of Action 7.7. Molecular Biology 7.8. Perspectives 8. Alkaloids 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Classification of Alkaloids 8.3. Occurrence 8.4. Biosynthesis 8.5. Bioactivity 8.6. Mechanism of Action Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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