Molecular Dynamics of Biomembranes

418 Pages·1996·13.57 MB·English

by  Jos A. F. Op den Kamp (eds.), Tom A. Rapoport Ph.D. (auth.)

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Series H: Cell Biology, Vol. 96
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Molecular Dynamics of
Biomembranes
Edited by
Jos A. F. Op den Kamp
Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology
Institute of Biomembranes
Utrecht University
Padualaan 8
3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
Springer
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Molecular Dynamics of
Biomembranes", held in Cargese, France, June 19-July1, 1995
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Molecular dynamics of biomembranes : [proceedings of the
NATO Advanced Study Institute "Molecular Dynamics of
Biomembranes" held in Cargese, France, June 19 - July 1, 1995]
/ ed. by Jos A. F. op den Kamp. Pub1. in cooperation with
NATO Scientific Affairs Division. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New
York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan;
Paris; Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1996
(NATO ASI series: Ser. H, Cell biology; Vol. 96)
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64707-9
NE: Kamp, Jos A. F. op den [Hrsg.]; Advanced Study Institute
Molecular Dynamics of Biomembranes <1995, Cargese>; NATO: NATO
ASI series / H
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64707-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-61126-1
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-61126-1
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1996
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Printed on acid-free paper
SPIN 10477136 31/3137 - 5 43210
Preface
Protein insertion and translocation, intracellular traffic and sorting of membranes and their
components, and lipid-protein interactions were the main topics of the Advanced Study
Institute on "Molecular Dynamics of Membranes", which was held in June 1995 in
Cargese, Corsica, France.
The course, co-sponsored by NATO and FEBS, was the fifth in a series that started in
1987 and takes place every two years in the Institut d'Etudes Scientifiques in Cargese.
This Institute, ideally situated and fully equiped for this type of scientific meeting has
greatly contributed to the great success of the courses. Of course, also the outstanding
contributions of a large number of well known scientists and the enthousiastic
participation of excellent graduate students and postdocs has given the "Cargese Lectures
on Biomembranes" a firm reputation in the scientific community.
The present proceedings is more than just a reflection on the information presented in the
Course. First of all it contains a number of extensive reviews of specific areas of interest.
Noteworthy are the articles dealing with:
• the general mechanisms of protein transport,
the roles of invariant chain in antigen presentation,
protein import and export in E. coli,
protein folding and the role of chaperones,
chloroplast and mitochondrial protein import,
• membrane traffic in general and during mitosis,
and with respect to membrane lipids:
lipid domain formation,
lipases: an extensive review about structure and properties,
phospholipase A2 and bioactive lipids,
phospholipid transfer proteins,
• phospholipid localization and mobility and, finally,
new strategies for protein reconstitution.
A wealth of information on important topics in membranology is presented here and
extensive referencing to key publications complete these overviews.
Added to these main articles are more limited and specific summaries of recent
developments in these fields, as well as short research papers. Together they offer a good
representation of the interests of lecturers, postdocs and graduate students as presented
during the course.
CONTENTS
Mechanisms Involved in Co- and Posttranslational Protein Transport
T.A Rapoport
Glycosylation Mapping of the Interaction Between Topogenic Sequences
and the ER Translocase
I.M. Nilsson, P. Whitley and G. von Heijne 9
The Various Roles of Invariant Chain in the Act of Antigen Presentation
T.W. Nordeng, A Simonsen and O. Bakke 15
Progress Towards the Identification of Secretion Signals
in a Protein Transported in a Folded State Across a Lipid Bilayer
N. Sauvonnet and AP. Pugsley 43
E. coli Preprotein Translocase: a 6 Stroke Engine with 2 Fuels and 2 Piston Rods
W. Wickner and M. Rice Leonard 53
The TollP AL and TonB Systems: two Envelope-Spanning Protein Complexes
Involved in Colicin Import in E. coli
E. Bouveret, C. Lazdunski and H. Benedetti 59
In vitro Assembly of Outer Membrane Protein PhoE of E. coli
C. Jansen, H. de Cock, P. van Gelder and J. Tommassen 71
Protein Folding in the Cell: the Role of Molecular Chaperones
F-U. Hartl 79
Thermodynamics ofthe Membrane Insertion Process ofthe M13 Procoat Protein,
a Lipid Bilayer Traversing Protein Comprising a Leader Sequence
M. Eisenhawer, M. Soekatjo, A Kuhn and H. Vogel 89
Lipid-Protein Interactions in Chloroplast Protein Import
B. de Kruijff, R. Pilon, R. van 't Hof and R. Demel 99
VIII
Protein Transport Into and Across the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane:
Recognition, Insertion and Translocation of Preproteins
R. LiB, G. Kispal, K-P. Kiinkele, A. Mayer, B. Risse, H. Steiner, P. Heckmeyer,
I. van der Klei and D.A. Court 137
Protein Import Across the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
H-C. Schneider, J. Berthold, M.F. Bauer, C. Klaus, W. Neupert and M. Brunner 157
How Mitochondria Recognize and Bind Precursor Proteins at the Surface
V. Haucke 167
The General Features of Membrane Traffic During Endocytosis
in Polarized and Non-Polarized Cells
I. Mellman 177
Mitotic Fragmentation of the Golgi Apparatus
G. Warren 191
Kinetic Measurements of Fusion Between Vesicles
Derived from the Endoplasmic Reticulum
J.G. Orsel, I. Bartoldus and T. Stegmann 199
The Sorting of Membrane Proteins
During the Formation ofER-Derived Transport Vesicles
J.L. Campbell and R. Schekman 209
Isolation and Characterization of Yeast Mutants Defective
in the Dolichol Pathway for N-Glycosylation
J. Roos, J. Xu, S. Centoducati, J. Luz, N. Ramani, Q. Yan, R. Sternglanz
and W.J. Lennarz 219
The Importance of Lipid-Protein Interactions in Signal Transduction
Through the Calcium-Phospholipid Second Messenger System
S. McLaughlin, C. Buser, G. Denisov, M. Glaser, W.T. Miller,
A. Morris, M. Rebecchi and S. Scarlata 229
IX
Covalently Attached Lipid Bilayers on Planar Waveguides
for Measuring Protein Binding to Functionalized Membranes
S. Heyse, M. Siinger, H. Sigrist, O. Jung, K-H. Wiesmiiller and H. Vogel 245
The Effect of Sterol Side Chain Conformation
on Lateral Lipid Domain Formation in Monolayer Membranes
P. Mattj us, J.P. Slotte, C. Vilcheze and R Bittman 255
The Kinetics, Specificities and Structural Features of Lipases
S. Ransac, F. Carriere, E. Rogalska, R Verger, F. Marguet, O. Buono,
E. Pinho Melo, J.M.S. Cabral, M-P.E. Egloff, H. van Tilbeurgh and C. Cambillau 265
Phospholipases A2 and the Production of Bioactive Lipids
H. van den Bosch, C. Schalkwijk, M.J.B.M. Vervoordeldonk,
AJ. Verkleij and J. Boonstra 305
Phospholipases in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
M. Fido, S. Wagner, H. Mayr, S.D. Kohlwein and F. Paltauf 315
Functional Analysis of Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Proteins
B.O. Kearns, J.O. Alb Jr., RT. Cartee and V.A Bankaitis 327
Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
Effects on Regulation of Phospholipid Synthesis and Respiratory Competence
P. Oriac and S.A Henry 339
Resynthesis of the Cell Surface Pool of Phosphatidylinositol
D.J. Sillence and M.O. Low 347
The OlcNac-PI de-N-Acetylase of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (OPI) Biosynthesis
in Trypanosoma brucei
D.K. Sharma and M.AJ. Ferguson 357
Phospholipid Flippases: Neither Exclusively, nor only Involved
in Maintaining Membrane Phospholipid Asymmetry
B. Roelofsen, E. Middelkoop, W.P. Vermeulen, AJ. Smith and J.AF. Op den Kamp 367
x
A New Efficient Strategy to Reconstitute Membrane Proteins into Liposomes:
Application to the Study ofCa++-ATPases
J-L. Rigaud and D. Levy 383
Interaction of Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins with Phospholipid Vesicles
J. Perez-Gil, A. Cruz, M.L.F. Ruano, E. Miguel, I. Plasencia and C. Casals 399
Subject Index 407
MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN CO- AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN
TRANSPORT
Tom A. Rapoport, Ph.D.
Department of Cell Biology
Harvard Medical School
25 Shattuck Street
Boston, MA 02115
USA
The secretion and membrane insertion of proteins is a universal process occurring in living
beings from bacteria to man. In prokaryotes, secretory proteins are transported directly across
the plasma membrane or are inserted into it; in eukaryotes, they are initially translocated in an
analogous process across the ER membrane, but are thereafter transported in vesicles to the
plasma membrane. In all organisms, the translocation of proteins across and their integration
into the membrane are initiated by hydrophobic signal sequences which are interchangeable;
prokaryotic signal sequences can perform in eukaryotes and vice versa.
The transport of a protein across the membrane may occur during its synthesis
(cotranslationally) or upon its completion (posttranslationally). In both cases, the process is
started by a targeting phase (for a review, see Walter and Johnson, 1994). One mechanism of
cotranslational targeting involves the signal recognition particle (SRP) which only recognizes
signal sequences of nascent chains that are associated with the ribosome. Other targeting
pathways involve cytosolic chaperones such as SecB, groEL and hsp 70, which may function
either co- or posttranslationally and which maintain polypeptides in a translocation-competent
structure.
The mechanism of the actual translocation process, that succeeds the targeting phase, also
appears to differ depending on whether the polypeptide is transported co- or posttranslationally.
The cotranslational mode requires the binding of the translating ribosome to the membrane and
it is thought that the elongating nascent chain is transferred directly from the ribosome into the
membrane (Blobel and Dobberstein, 1975). Therefore, the membrane binding of the ribosome
may be necessary for the translocation process. In comparison, since the ribosome does not
have a function in the posttranslational mode of translocation of proteins, other mechanisms of
transport may be assumed. In both cases, ho"wever, it is believed that polypeptides are
NATO ASI Series, Vol. H 96
Molecular Dynamics of Biomembranes
Edited by Jos A. F. Op den Kamp
© Springer.Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996