Molecular Catalysis of Rare-Earth Elements PDF
Preview Molecular Catalysis of Rare-Earth Elements
137 Structure and Bonding Series Editor: D. M. P. Mingos Editorial Board: · · · P. Day X. Duan L. H. Gade K. R. Poeppelmeier · G. Parkin J.-P. Sauvage Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/430 Structure and Bonding SeriesEditor:D.M.P.Mingos RecentlyPublishedandForthcomingVolumes MolecularCatalysisofRare-EarthElements OrganometallicandCoordination VolumeEditor:PeterW.Roesky ChemistryoftheActinides Vol.137,2010 VolumeEditor:Albrecht-Schmitt,T.E. Vol.127,2008 Metal-MetalBonding VolumeEditor:GerardParkin HalogenBonding Vol.136,2010 FundamentalsandApplications VolumeEditors:Metrangolo,P.,Resnati,G. FunctionalPhthalocyanineMolecular Vol.126,2008 Materials VolumeEditor:JianzhuangJiang HighEnergyDensityMaterials Vol.135,2010 VolumeEditor:Klapötke,T.H. Vol.125,2007 DataMininginCrystallography VolumeEditors:Hofmann,D.W.M., Ferro-andAntiferroelectricity Kuleshova,L.N. VolumeEditors:Dalal,N.S., Vol.134,2010 Bussmann-Holder,A. 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Edelmann K.C. Hultzsch J. Jenter · · · · T. Li B. Liu A.L. Reznichenko P.W. Roesky · · B. Wang Y. Yang Z. Zhang 123 Prof.Dr.PeterW.Roesky InstituteofInorganicChemistry KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology(KIT) Bldg.30.45,Engesserstr.15 76131Karlsruhe Germany [email protected] ISSN0081-5993 e-ISSN1616-8550 ISBN978-3-642-12810-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-12811-0 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-12811-0 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010930519 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. 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Coverdesign:KünkelLopkaGmbH,Heidelberg,Germany Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Series Editor Prof.D.MichaelP.Mingos Principal St.EdmundHall OxfordOX14AR,UK [email protected] Volume Editors Prof.Dr.PeterW.Roesky InstituteofInorganicChemistry KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology(KIT) Bldg.30.45,Engesserstr.15 76131Karlsruhe Germany [email protected] Editorial Board Prof.PeterDay Prof.Dr.KennethR.Poeppelmeier DirectorandFullerianProfessor DepartmentofChemistry ofChemistry NorthwesternUniversity TheRoyalInstitutionofGreatBritain 2145SheridanRoad 21AlbermarleStreet Evanston,IL60208-3133 LondonW1X4BS,UK USA [email protected] [email protected] Prof.XueDuan Prof.GerardParkin Director DepartmentofChemistry(Box3115) StateKeyLaboratory ColumbiaUniversity ofChemicalResourceEngineering 3000Broadway BeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology NewYork,NewYork10027,USA 15BeiSanHuanDongLu [email protected] Beijing100029,P.R.China [email protected] Prof.Jean-PierreSauvage FacultédeChimie Prof.LutzH.Gade LaboratoiresdeChimie Anorganisch-ChemischesInstitut Organo-Minérale UniversitätHeidelberg UniversitéLouisPasteur ImNeuenheimerFeld270 4,rueBlaisePascal 69120Heidelberg,Germany 67070StrasbourgCedex,France [email protected] [email protected] Structure and Bonding Also Available Electronically Structure and Bonding is included in Springer’s eBook package Chemistry and Materials Science. 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Aimsand Scope The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concernedwith chemicalstructure andbonding.The scopeof the series spansthe entirePeriodicTableandaddressesstructureandbondingissuesassociatedwithall of the elements. It also focuses attention on new and developingareas of modern structuraland theoreticalchemistry such as nanostructures,molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecularstructures. Physicalandspectroscopictechniquesusedtodetermine,examineandmodelstruc- turesfallwithinthe purviewof StructureandBondingtothe extentthatthe focus isonthescientificresultsobtainedandnotonspecialistinformationconcerningthe techniquesthemselves.Issuesassociatedwith thedevelopmentofbondingmodels and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processesarealsorelevant. The individual volumes in the series are thematic. The goal of each volume is to give the reader, whether at a university or in industry, a comprehensive overview ofanareawherenewinsightsareemergingthatareofinteresttoalargerscientific audience.Thuseachreviewwithinthevolumecriticallysurveysoneaspectofthat topicandplacesitwithinthecontextofthevolumeasawhole.Themostsignificant developmentsofthelast5to10yearsshouldbepresentedusingselectedexamples toillustrate theprinciplesdiscussed.A descriptionofthephysicalbasisofthe ex- perimentaltechniquesthathavebeenusedtoprovidetheprimarydatamayalsobe appropriate,ifithasnotbeencoveredindetailelsewhere.Thecoverageneednotbe exhaustiveindata,butshouldratherbeconceptual,concentratingonthenewprin- ciplesbeingdevelopedthatwillallowthereader,whoisnotaspecialistinthearea covered, to understand the data presented. Discussion of possible future research directionsintheareaiswelcomed. Reviewarticlesfortheindividualvolumesareinvitedbythevolumeeditors. In references Structure and Bonding is abbreviated Struct Bond and is cited as a journal. ImpactFactorin2008:6.511;Section“Chemistry,Inorganic&Nuclear”: Rank2of40;Section“Chemistry,Physical”:Rank7of113 DedicatedtothememoryofProfessor HerbertSchumann((cid:2) 2010), apioneer of organolanthanidechemistry Preface This volume reviews the recent developments in the use of molecular rare-earth metal compounds in catalysis. Most of the applications deal with homogenous catalysis but in some cases, heterogeneoussystems are also mentioned. The rare- earthelements,whicharethelanthanidesandtheirclose relatives– scandiumand yttrium – have not been in the focus of molecular chemistry for a long time and therefore have also not been considered as homogenous catalysts. Although the firstorganometalliccompoundsofthelanthanides,whicharetris(cyclopentadienyl) lanthanide complexes, were already prepared in the 1950s, it was only in the late 1970s and early 1980s when a number of research groups began to focus on this classofcompounds.Onereasonforthedevelopmentwastheavailabilityofsingle crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, which made it possible to characterize these compounds.Moreover,newlaboratorytechniquestohandlehighlyairandmoisture sensitivecompoundsweredevelopedatthesametime.Concomitantwiththeacces- sibilityofthisnewclassofcompounds,theapplicationinhomogenouscatalysiswas investigated.Oneofthefirstapplicationsinthisfieldwastheuseoflanthanidemet- allocenesforthecatalyticpolymerizationofethyleneintheearly1980s.Inthelast twoorthreedecades,ahugenumberofinorganicandorganometalliccompoundsof therare-earthelementsweresynthesizedandsome ofthemwerealso usedascat- alysts.Althoughearlyworkinhomogenouscatalysisbasicallyfocusedonlyonthe hydrogenationandpolymerizationofolefins,thescopeforcatalyticapplicationto- dayismuchbroader.Thus,alargenumberofcatalyticσ-bondmetathesisreactions, e.g.hydroamination,havebeenreportedintherecentyears. Thisbookcontainsfourchaptersinwhichpartoftherecentdevelopmentofthe use of molecular rare-earth metal compoundsin catalysis is covered.To keep the book within the given page limit, not all aspects could be reviewed in detail. For example, the use of molecular rare-earth metal complexes as Lewis acidic cata- lystsisnotdiscussedinthisbook.Thefirsttwochaptersreviewdifferentcatalytic conversions,namelythecatalyticσ-bondmetathesis(ChapterbyReznichenkoand Hultzsch) and the polymerization of 1,3-conjugated dienes (Chapter by Zhang et al.). Within these chapters, differentcatalytic systems and applications are dis- cussed. The final two chapters are more concentrated on recent developments of
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