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Molecular Bases of Anesthesia (Handbooks in Pharmacology and Toxicology) PDF

346 Pages·2000·20.37 MB·English
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Molecular Bases of Anesthesia Pharmacology and Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Aspects Mannfred A. Hollinger, Series Editor University of California, Davis Published Titles Biomedical Applications of Computer Modeling, 2001, Arthur Christopoulos Molecular Bases of Anesthesia, 2001, Eric Moody and Phil Skolnick Manual of Immunological Methods, 1999, Pauline Brousseau, Yves Payette, Helen Tryphonas, Barry Blakley, Herman Boermans, Denis Flipo, Michel Fournier CNS Injuries: Cellular Responses and Pharmacological Strategies, 1999, Martin Berry and Ann Logan Infectious Diseases in Immunocompromised Hosts,1998, Vassil St. Georgiev Pharmacology of Antimuscarinic Agents, 1998, Laszlo Gyermek Basis of Toxicity Testing, Second Edition, 1997, Donald J. Ecobichon Anabolic Treatments for Osteoporosis, 1997, James F. Whitfield and Paul Morley Antibody Therapeutics, 1997, William J. Harris and John R. Adair Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in Smooth Muscle, 1997, Richard M. Eglen Antisense Oligodeonucleotides as Novel Pharmacological Therapeutic Agents, 1997, Benjamin Weiss Airway Wall Remodelling in Asthma, 1996, A.G. Stewart Drug Delivery Systems, 1996, Vasant V. Ranade and Mannfred A. Hollinger Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs, 1996, Andrius Baskys and Gary Remington Receptor Dynamics in Neural Development, 1996, Christopher A. Shaw Ryanodine Receptors, 1996, Vincenzo Sorrentino Therapeutic Modulation of Cytokines, 1996, M.W. Bodmer and Brian Henderson Pharmacology in Exercise and Sport, 1996, Satu M. Somani Placental Pharmacology, 1996, B. V. Rama Sastry Pharmacological Effects of Ethanol on the Nervous System, 1996, Richard A. Deitrich Immunopharmaceuticals, 1996, Edward S. Kimball Chemoattractant Ligands and Their Receptors, 1996, Richard Horuk Pharmacological Regulation of Gene Expression in the CNS, 1996, Kalpana Merchant Experimental Models of Mucosal Inflammation, 1995, Timothy S. Gaginella Human Growth Hormone Pharmacology: Basic and Clinical Aspects, 1995, Kathleen T. Shiverick and Arlan Rosenbloom Placental Toxicology, 1995, B. V. Rama Sastry Stealth Liposomes, 1995, Danilo Lasic and Frank Martin TAXOL®: Science and Applications, 1995, Matthew Suffness Endothelin Receptors: From the Gene to the Human, 1995, Robert R. Ruffolo, Jr. Alternative Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals in the Cosmetic Industry,1995, Nicola Loprieno Phospholipase A in Clinical Inflammation: Molecular Approaches to Pathophysiology, 2 1995, Keith B. Glaser and Peter Vadas Serotonin and Gastrointestinal Function, 1995, Timothy S. Gaginella and James J. Galligan Chemical and Structural Approaches to Rational Drug Design, 1994, David B. Weiner and William V. Williams Biological Approaches to Rational Drug Design, 1994, David B. Weiner and William V. Williams Pharmacology and Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Aspects Published Titles (Continued) Direct and Allosteric Control of Glutamate Receptors, 1994, M. Palfreyman, I. Reynolds, and P. Skolnick Genomic and Non-Genomic Effects of Aldosterone, 1994, Martin Wehling Peroxisome Proliferators: Unique Inducers of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, 1994, David E. Moody Angiotensin II Receptors, Volume I: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Perspectives, 1994, Robert R. Ruffolo, Jr. Angiotensin II Receptors, Volume II: Medicinal Chemistry, 1994, Robert R. Ruffolo, Jr. Beneficial and Toxic Effects of Aspirin, 1993, Susan E. Feinman Preclinical and Clinical Modulation of Anticancer Drugs, 1993, Kenneth D. Tew, Peter Houghton, and Janet Houghton In Vitro Methods of Toxicology, 1992, Ronald R. Watson Human Drug Metabolism from Molecular Biology to Man, 1992, Elizabeth Jeffreys Platelet Activating Factor Receptor: Signal Mechanisms and Molecular Biology, 1992, Shivendra D. Shukla Biopharmaceutics of Ocular Drug Delivery, 1992, Peter Edman Pharmacology of the Skin, 1991, Hasan Mukhtar Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in Bronchial Asthma, 1990, Devendra K. Agrawal and Robert G. Townley Molecular Bases of Anesthesia Edited by Eric Moody and Phil Skolnick CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 8555_frame_FM Page 6 Tuesday, November 7, 2000 12:58 PM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Molecular bases of anesthesia / edited by Eric Moody and Phil Skolnick. p. cm.-- (Pharmacology and toxicology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-8555-5 (alk. paper) 1. Anesthetics. 2. Molecular pharmacology. I. Moody, Eric. II. Skolnick, Phil. III. Pharmacology & toxicology (Boca Raton, Fla.) RD82 .M633 2000 617.9′6—dc21 00-064136 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-8555- 5/00/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-8555-5 Library of Congress Card Number 00-064136 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Preface The concept of this monograph began with the search for a comprehensive, focused source of information on anesthetic mechanisms. Here, we have gathered a number of contributions from researchers with diverse points of view, and have sought to cover the most important areas of current interest concerning anesthetic mechanisms. The focus of this monograph is squarely on neuroreceptors, with deliberate emphasis on ion channels. This reflects the area of greatest current interest. Lipid interactions with general anesthetics have not been covered separately, but information relevant to this topic is covered in the introductory chapter. This bias is fully consistent with a rapidly accumulating body of evidence, including the recent identification of targets for anesthetics on protein ion channels. The field of anesthetic mechanisms is far different from what it was a decade or two ago. The unique pharmacology and low potencies of general anesthetics complicated the search for appropriate targets, and our meager understanding of the basic foundations of consciousness led to myriad anesthetic theories. Likewise, basic conceptual issues, such as whether lipids or proteins were the primary targets of anesthetics, resulted in little common ground between these two groups of research- ers. The seminal observation that the effects of anesthetics on lipids were very modest and mimicked by other conditions (such as small changes in temperature) caused many researchers to focus on proteins as targets of anesthetic action. At the same time, the basic physiology and structure of receptors and ion channels were eluci- dated. For example, insight into benzodiazepine actions at the GABA receptors led A to studies with barbiturates, alcohols, and volatile anesthetics at this family of ligand- gated ion channels. Simultaneously, studies were being conducted with anesthetics at other potential loci of action. The use of molecular biological techniques has also been applied to this study of anesthetic mechanisms. As can be seen from many of the contributions to this monograph, recombinant receptors have been very useful in elucidating anesthetic actions. Several researchers have used mutagenesis techniques to identify crucial segments of receptors involved in anesthetic action. Putative loci for volatile anes- thetics and alcohols, as well as intravenous anesthetics have been described. These are exciting findings providing a framework to evaluate theories of anesthesia and allowing a better understanding of anesthetic actions at the molecular level. Substi- tution of various amino acids at crucial loci on a receptor provide an opportunity to determine the size of potential binding sites. Moreover, the use of transgenic animals may provide the opportunity to determine if the in vitro effects of anesthetics cause in vivo changes in anesthetic effects. Such experiments, if successful, may provide a method for determining the pharmacological relevance of experimental observa- tions and resolving discrepancies between opposing theories of anesthesia. Many of the opposing concepts relating to anesthetic mechanisms are not fully resolved. It is our hope that this volume will provide the information and framework for readers to review and evaluate these issues. In addition, we trust that this book will be a useful reference for those with an interest in anesthesiology, and will stimulate further study. Dedication This work is dedicated to the postdoctoral fellows whose hard work and commitment resulted in much of the data contained in this book, and to the Intramural Program at the National Institutes of Health for creating an exciting research environment which encouraged risk taking.

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Molecular Bases of Anesthesia provides a clear overview of the state of knowledge about anesthetic mechanisms at the molecular level of occurrence and focusing on the latest state-of-the-art techniques that relate to how anesthetic drugs cause unconsciousness. With contributions by leading experts,
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.