Molecular Approaches for Sustainable Insect Pest Management

430 Pages·2021·6.921 MB·English

by  Omkar (editor)

Omkar   Editor
Molecular
Approaches
for Sustainable
Insect Pest
Management
Molecular Approaches for Sustainable Insect
Pest Management
Omkar
Editor
Molecular Approaches
for Sustainable Insect Pest
Management
Editor
Omkar
DepartmentofZoology
UniversityofLucknow
Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India
ISBN978-981-16-3590-8 ISBN978-981-16-3591-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3591-5
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Preface
Insects comprise almost 80% of the entire world fauna (with almost 1 million
species)andarepresentinallpartsofthebiosphereexcepttheoceans.Manymore
genera and species of insects are still being reported, and these discoveries are not
only bringing out new facts but also changing the very classification of insects.
Despite being one of the most successful and diverse group of animals inhabiting
planetEarth,theyarepoorlyexplored.
The word insect largely has strong negative connotations for most humans;
thoughmanyofthemarequiteusefultohumanbeingsbyyieldingcertainproducts
directly used by the humans, others work as farmers’ friends, being biocontrol
agents, and still others are beneficial by providing various ecosystem services
along with increasing crop productivity by facilitating and enhancing crop
pollination.
Studies indicate that of the known 1 million species, hardly, 1% of them are
harmful tohuman beings bythe way ofcausing direct cropdamagesand lowering
the yield, damaging the stored products and food produce, causing nuisance, or
transferringdisease-causingagents,besidescausingnuisanceandhealthhazardsto
ourlivestock.Suchharmfulinsectsaretechnicallytermedaspestsandvectors.FAO
estimatesthatannuallybetween20%and40%ofglobalcropproductionarelostto
pests. It has been estimated that damages caused by these pests, vectors, and
pathogens of crop plants are more than USD 13 billion per annum in India and
around$250billionglobally.Possiblybecauseofthesefacts,ithasbeenemphasized
that struggle between man and insects started long before the dawn of civilization,
continued without break, and will probably continue as long as the human race
exists.
It is these massive economic losses that are probably responsible for the global
attention of entomologists towards curbing populations of harmful insects. This
glaring monetary loss is probably the reason that most of the silently working
beneficialinsectsprovidingecosystemservicesarepushedtothebackburner.
Through the ages, humans have been involved in finding ways and means to
manage populations of insect pests. Cultural and chemical practices have been
employedforthepurposesincethetugofwarbetweenhumansandinsectsstarted.
Chemicalpracticeshavemadetheirjourneyfrominitialcrudeoptions,suchasash,
to more refined versions in the form of inorganic agrochemicals, synthetic organic
v
vi Preface
chemicals to plant products. In addition to the above practices, farmers across the
globehavealsoemployedvariousphysical,mechanical,cultural,legal,genetic,and
ecological approaches. Of all these, chemical approach has by far been the most
successfulonetilldate.However,theuseofchemicals,termedaspesticides,while
providing an immediate remedy to overcome insect pest problems has resulted in
severe long-term consequences, such as disruption of interspecific competition
resulting in damage to farmers’ friends, the biocontrol agents of these pests, resis-
tanceinpestspecies,resurgenceofnewpestspecies,anddamagetotheenvironment
and the biodiversity along with the human health hazards. This has gradually also
changedtheveryconceptfrompesteradicationtopestcontroltopestmanagement,
including the concept of integrated pest management, with the basic objective to
integrate various ecofriendly tools and techniques, such as cultural practices, bio-
control using pathogens, parasitoids, and predators (natural enemies) for the pest
management,andminimizingtheuseofsyntheticchemicalsinmodernagriculture.
In the last few decades, the humans have witnessed major advancements in life
sciences; as a result, several new and powerful tools and techniques have evolved.
This has led to great advancements in microbial nutrition, genetics, and their
application in different fields. In modern era of biotechnology, the microbes have
providedsolutionstomanyofthehumanproblemsandnecessitiesandthusserveas
humanandfarmers’friends.Themicrobeshaveprovedtobesuccessfultoolsforthe
pest management. Similarly, there has been much advancement in the field of
molecularbiology,wheremanymoretechniqueshaveevolved,whichcanbehelpful
in the field of pest management too. Plant resistance, development of transgenic
plants, and many more techniques are being considered the panacea to pest
problems. On the other hand, there are widespread concerns of the safety of these
microbial and biotechnological interventions with nontarget organisms, including
humans. While the world stands divided on the ethical issues of these approaches
andthemanysafetyconcerns,scientistsbelievethatwellthoughtofbiotechnologi-
calinterventionsareprobablytheonlysafestwayspossibleforreducingpestattacks
oncrops.
Though several massive texts are available on insect pest management with
exhaustivecoverageofvariousmeansofinsectpestmanagement,mymainobjective
to bring out a book entitled Molecular Approaches for Sustainable Insect Pest
Management is to bring precise but specialized information covering modern
aspects of pest management. Also, through this publication, my idea is to present
theIndianperspectives onthisdisciplinebeforeinternational readership, involving
variousspecialistsfrommolecularbiology.
Ihope,the proposedbookwill notonly present informationon themodern and
mosteffectivemeansofpestmanagementforpostgraduatestudentsandteachersand
plant protection practitioners across the world but would also be quite useful to
thoseinvolvedinpolicyplanning.
Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India Omkar
January15,2021
Acknowledgments
At the very outset, I express my gratitude to the contributors of different chapters
contained in this book for sparing time from their routine to contribute their
respectivechapterstotheleveltheycouldandIwanted.
I am thankful to Dr. Geetanjali Mishra, associate professor, Department of
Zoology,UniversityofLucknow,Lucknow,forherintellectualinputs.Ialsoextend
my special thanks to Dr. Swati Saxena, M/S Priya Singh, Apoorva Shandilya,
Chandni Verma, Tripti Yadav, Shriza Rai, Lata Verma, Dipali Gupta, and
GaurvanvitaSinghfortheirassistanceandsupportinvariousways.
I am also grateful to my wife Mrs. Kusum Upadhyay and nephew Mr. Mridul
Pandey for their encouragements and support by sparing me from household
activities.
IextendmythankstoMs.AakankshaTyagi,senioreditor,SpringerNatureIndia,
NewDelhi,andMr.LenoldEsithor,projectmanageratSpringerNature,fortaking
keeninterestinthisprojectandfortheirsupportforpublishingthisworkintime.
January15,2021 Omkar
vii
Contents
1 HostPlantResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ShanthiMookiah,BanumathySivasubramaniam,
ThiruveniThangaraj,andSrinivasanGovindaraj
2 InsecticideResistance:MolecularInsight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NeetaGaurandRashmiJoshi
3 InducedResistanceandDefensePrimings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
AbdoolnabiBagheriandYaghoubFathipour
4 TransgenicPlantTechnology:AnInsightintoInsectResistance. . . 141
AmitChoudhary,RashmiSrivastava,RakeshSrivastava,
andPraveenChandraVerma
5 MolecularApproaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
MalaTrivedi,AmritaGupta,AditiSingh,ParulJohri,ManishMathur,
andRajeshK.Tiwari
6 RNAInterferenceTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
S.N.Nagesha
7 ProteinaseInhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
MarriSwathi,VadthyaLokya,MariyammaGujjarlapudi,
ShreyaVerma,PallabiKisku,NukapanguSravanKumar,
andKolliparaPadmasree
8 HormoneAnaloguesandChitinSynthesisInhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . 253
AnureetKaurChandiandAvneetKaur
9 Phyto-Antifeedants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
AnandamayBarik
10 ChemoecologicalResponsesofPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
KesavanSubaharan,N.Bakthavatsalam,VibinaVenugopal,
andAnjanappaRaghavendra
11 Bioinformatics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
ChandniVerma,GeetanjaliMishra,andOmkar
iixx
x Contents
12 NanotechnologyinInsectPestManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
AmritaGupta,PramodK.Sahu,andRajeshK.Tiwari
13 EthicsandSafetyConcerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
T.P.Rajendran
Editor and Contributors
About the Editor
Prof. Omkar, FNASc, has been associated with teaching for about 35 years and
research for more than 42 years. He is Former Head, Department of Zoology,
University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007,Former Coordinator, UGC-SAP
(DRS-II),DST-FIST,DST-PURSE,CentreofExcellence,Govt.ofUP, programs.
Hehasworkedon10more projectsofstate/centralfundingagencies.Hespecializes
in Environmental Toxicology and Entomology, with particular reference to the
Insect Pest Management .He is also an Associate Editor, International Journal of
Tropical Insect Science, Springer Nature and Chief Editor, Journal of Applied
Bioscience,besidesbeingPresidentofInternationalSocietyofAppliedBiology.
Heisareceipientofseveralawards,likeSaraswatiSammanbytheDepartmentof
Higher Education, Govt. of UP; Prof. T N Ananthakrishanan Foundation Award,
Rescholar Award of Excellence in Agricultural Entomlogy by Association of
ntomologists, Prof. G. S. Shukla Gold Medal by The Academy of Environmental
Biology,Dr.S.PradhanMemorialLectureAwardbyTheDevisionofEntomology,
IARI&TheEntomologicalSocietyofIndia,ACCLAIMandUddeepanawardsfrom
University of Lucknow. He is a Fellow of The Entomological Society of India,
ZoologicalSocietyofIndia,SocietyforBiocontrolAdvancementandFellowofThe
National Academy of Sciences India (FNASc), besides many others. He has
16 books to his credit. He has published 235 Research papers, 10 Reviews,
40ReviewsasBookchapters,17PopularSciencearticles.Prof.Omkarhasguided
more than TWO dozen Ph. D. students. He has visited the School of Biological
Sciences, University of East Anglia (2006) for three months and Department of
Zoology, University of South Bohemia and Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske
Budejovice,CzechRepublic(May2016).
xxii