Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh PDF
Preview Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh
PrinciplesandPracticeofGeriatricPsychiatry. Editors:ProfessorJohnR.M.Copeland,DrMohammedT.Abou-SalehandProfessorDanG.Blazer Copyright&2002 JohnWiley&SonsLtd PrintISBN0-471-98197-4 OnlineISBN0-470-84641-0 Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry PrinciplesandPracticeofGeriatricPsychiatry. Editors:ProfessorJohnR.M.Copeland,DrMohammedT.Abou-SalehandProfessorDanG.Blazer Copyright&2002 JohnWiley&SonsLtd PrintISBN0-471-98197-4 OnlineISBN0-470-84641-0 Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry Second Edition Edited by John R. M. Copeland Liverpool University Department of Psychiatry, Liverpool, UK Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh St George’s Hospital Medical School, London, UK Dan G. Blazer Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD PrinciplesandPracticeofGeriatricPsychiatry. Editors:ProfessorJohnR.M.Copeland,DrMohammedT.Abou-SalehandProfessorDanG.Blazer Copyright&2002 JohnWiley&SonsLtd PrintISBN0-471-98197-4 OnlineISBN0-470-84641-0 Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 1UD, UK National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the publisher. 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Editors:ProfessorJohnR.M.Copeland,DrMohammedT.Abou-SalehandProfessorDanG.Blazer Copyright&2002 JohnWiley&SonsLtd PrintISBN0-471-98197-4 OnlineISBN0-470-84641-0 Contents List of Contributors xi 10 Neurophysiology of Ageing as Reflected by Preface xix Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Event-related Preface to First Edition xxi Potentials (ERPs) 57 D. H. R. Blackwood, W. J. Muir and H. Forstl 11 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in Old Age Psychopharmacology 61 F. Schifano PART A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1 BIII Psychology of Ageing 1 A Conceptual History in the Nineteenth Century 3 12 Normal Ageing—A Problematical Concept 65 G. E. Berrios D. B. Bromley 2 Scope and Development in the Twentieth Century 7 Cohort Studies 68 E. W. Busse P. Rabbitt 3 The Development in Britain 9 13 Chronological and Functional Ageing 71 Tom Arie J. M. Guralnik and D. Melzer 4a The Development in the USA, 1600–1900 13 Health Expectancy: Monitoring Changes in Population Health 74 W. A. Achenbaum, C. Cederquist, V. Kahl C. Jagger and K. Rosenberg 14 Life Satisfaction 75 4b In the Beginning 15 L. K. George The Late F. Post BIV Sociology of Ageing 15 The Normal Aged among Community-dwelling PART B NORMAL AGEING 17 Elders in the UK 79 C. Victor B1 Theories of Ageing Do Life Events Seem Less Stressful to the Old? 82 5 General Theories of Aging 19 A. D. M. Davies Support Networks 83 E. W. Busse G. C. Wenger 16 World Statistical Trends and Prospects 87 BII Brain Ageing G. C. Myers 6 Structural Changes in the Aging Brain 23 Demography of the Old: Implications of G. Mazeika and P. M. Doraiswamy Recent Trends 90 7 Anatomy of the Ageing Brain 25 E. Grundy J. T. Campbell III and C. E. Coffey 8 Quantitative Structural Changes in the Ageing Brain 45 PART C ABNORMAL AGEING 93 Bente Pakkenberg, Lisbeth Regeur and Hans Jørgen G. Gundersen 17 The Influence of Social Factors on Mental Health 95 Potential Regeneration of the Ageing Brain 47 D. Mechanic and D. D. McAlpine S. B. Dunnett 18 The Natural History of Psychiatric Disorders: Hippocampal Changes and Memory Impairment Early-onset Disease in Late Life and in Normal People 49 Late-onset Illness 99 J. T. O’Brien J. Hays 9 Neuroendocrinology of Ageing 51 19 Mortality and Mental Disorders 103 R. A. Burns and M. T. Abou-Saleh M. E. Dewey vi CONTENTS 20 Long-term Outcome Studies of Psychiatric 31 Interviews Aimed at Differential Psychiatric Disorders: Methodological Issues and Practical Diagnosis Approaches to Follow-up 105 GMS–HAS–AGECAT Package 161 A. Stueve, J. Toner and A. V. Quismorio J. R. M. Copeland CAMDEX 162 D. W. O’Connor PART D DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT 109 32 Assessment of Daily Living 165 K. H. Asberg DI Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Nosology 33 Rating Scales Designed for Nurses and 21 The Importance of Multidimensional Assessment Other Workers 169 in Clinical Practice 111 K. C. M. Wilson, B. Green and P. Mottram 34 Comprehensive Interviews M. R. Eastwood and A. Desai OARS Methodology 173 22 Classification of Dementia and Other Organic G. G. Fillenbaum Conditions in ICD-10 113 The Comprehensive Assessment and Referral A. Jablensky and J. E. Cooper Evaluation (CARE): An Approach to Evaluating 23 Psychiatric Diagnosis and Old Age: New Potential for Achieving Quality of Life 174 Perspectives for ‘‘DSM-IV-TR’’ and Beyond 117 B. Gurland and S. Katz E. D. Caine DII Clinical Assessment PART E ORGANIC DISORDERS 177 24 History and Mental Status Examination 123 H. N. Richards and G. J. Maletta EI Delirium 25 The Physician’s Role 127 35 Delirium—An Overview 179 L. Young A. F. Fairburn Delirium in Institutions 182 DIII Standardized Methods and Rating Scales B. Kamholz and C. Colenda 26 Needs and Problems 133 Prognosis of Delirium 183 B. J. Gurland A. Treloar 27 Non-computerized Assessment Procedures: EII Dementia Fundamental Assessment Issues 137 36 Nosology of Dementia 185 P. Logue I. Skoog and J. R. M. Copeland Short Assessment Scales Cross-national Inter-rater Reliability of Mini-Mental State Examination 140 Dementia Diagnosis 189 J. Cockrell and M. Folstein D. W. O’Connor IQCODE: Informant Interviews 141 37 Early Detection 191 A. F. Jorm S. Henderson Staging Dementia 142 38 DementiaEpidemiology:PrevalenceandIncidence 195 B. Reisberg, G. Gandrota, A. Zaidi A. F. Jorm and S. H. Ferris 39 Case-control Studies 199 Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales 146 S. Henderson A. F. Jorm Results from EURODEM Collaboration on 28 Computer Methods of Assessment of the Incidence of Dementia 200 Cognitive Function 147 L. J. Launer, for the EURODEM Incidence T. W. Robbins and B. J. Sahakian Research Group 29 The Assessment of Depressive States 153 MRC/DoH Cognitive Function and Ageing Study 202 T. R. Thompson and W. M. McDonald J. Nickson, C. F. M. McCracken and C. Brayne, The Geriatric Depression Scale: on behalf of MRC CFAS Its Development and Recent Application 157 40 The Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: R. O’Hara and J. A. Yesavage An Update 205 Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: L. J. Launer Use among Older Adults 158 The Lundby Study, 1947–1997 208 D. G. Blazer P. Nettelbladt, O. Hagnell, L. O¨jesjo¨, 30 The Development of the EURO-D Scale 159 L. Otterbeck, C. Mattisson, M. Bogren, M. Prince E. Hofvendahl and P. Tora¨ker CONTENTS vii Nutritional Factors in Dementia 210 EV Other Dementias D. N. Anderson and M. T. Abou-Saleh 49 Neuropathology: Other Dementias 259 J. M. MacKenzie EIII Alzheimer’s Disease 50a Dementia and Parkinson’s Disease 265 41 The Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease 213 R. B. Godwin-Austen B. L. Plassman and J. C. S. Breitner Clinical Criteria for Dementia with Lewy Bodies 268 The Role of Presenilins in Alzheimer’s Disease 217 I. G. McKeith D. M. A. Mann 50b Subcortical Dementia 269 Apolipoprotein-E (Apo-E) 218 J. R. Burke D. G. Blazer 50c Early-onset Dementias 273 Down’s Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease: G. Mazeika Update 219 51a Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease and Other D. W. K. Kay and B. Moore Degenerative Causes of Dementia 277 International Criteria for Alzheimer’s Disease T. F. G. Esmonde and Their Problems—ICD-10, DSM-IV and 51b Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick’s Disease) 281 NINCS–ADRDA 221 J. R. Hodges K. Rockwood 52 Alcoholic and Other Toxic Dementias 285 42 The Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease 223 E. M. Joyce D. M. A. Mann 53 Reversible Dementias 289 Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and M. Philpot and J. Pereira Ageing (OPTIMA): A Longitudinal Clinicopathological Study of Dementia and Normal Ageing 227 EVI Clinical Diagnosis of the Dementias A. D. Smith 54 Differential Diagnosis of Dementia 293 Consortium to Establish a Registry for C. Busby and A. Burns Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) 228 55a Distinguishing Depression from Dementia 297 G. G. Fillenbaum and A. Heyman W. E. Fox and D. C. Steffens 43 Neurotransmitter Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease: 55b Benign Senescent Forgetfulness, Age-associated Relationships to Symptoms and Neuropathology 229 Memory Impairment and Age-related Cognitive P. T. Francis and E. K. Perry Decline 303 44 Antemortem Markers 233 K. A. Welsh-Bohmer and D. J. Madden S. J. Van Rensberg, F. C. V. Potocnik and D. J. Stein EVII Outcome of the Dementias and Subtypes 45 Clinical Features of Senile Dementia and 56 Minor Cognitive Impairment 305 Alzheimer’s Disease 237 K. Ritchie and J. Touchon B. Pitt Alzheimer’s Disease—One or Several? 307 46 Assessment and Management of Behavioural and C. Holmes and A. H. Mann Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) 241 Prognosis of Dementia 308 R. McShane and N. Gormley B. Reisberg, A. Kluger and E. Franssen Eating Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease 245 P. E. Cullen and C. Ballard EVIII Treatment and Management of Dementias EIV Vascular Dementia 57 Acute Management of Dementia 313 47 Pathology of Vascular Dementia 247 B. Pitt J. M. MacKenzie 58a Present and Future Treatments of Alzheimer’s International Criteria for Vascular Dementia and Disease 317 Their Problems: ICD-10, DSM-IV, ADDTC L. J. Whalley and J. M. Starr and NINDS–AIREN 249 58b Possible Future Treatments and Preventative J. V. Bowler and V. Hachinski Strategies for Alzheimer’s Disease 325 48 Vascular Dementia 251 S. Lovestone P. Humphrey 59a Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions 327 Vascular Dementia Subgroups: Multi-infarct E. Miller DementiaandSubcorticalWhiteMatterDementia 255 59b Informal Carers and Their Support 331 I. Skoog D. Buck The Role of Blood Pressure in Dementia 256 TheRoleandInfluenceoftheAlzheimer’sSociety 334 I. Skoog N. Graham viii CONTENTS EIX Conditions Associated with, or Sometimes 73 Neuro-imaging Mistaken for, Primary Psychiatric Conditions Neuro-imaging Studies of Depression 403 60 The Psychiatric Manifestations of M. T. Abou-Saleh CNS Malignancies 335 Is Imaging Justified in the Investigation M. Glantz and E. W. Massey of Older People? 404 61 Peripheral Neuropathy and Peripheral Nerve D. McWilliam Lesions 341 74 Clinical Features of Depression and Dysthymia 407 J. M. Massey and E. W. Massey D. G. Folks and C. V. Ford Outcome of Depressive Disorders: Findings of EX Investigations of Organic States and Dementia a Longitudinal Study in the UK 413 62 Electroencephalography (EEG) 345 V. K. Sharma The Late G. W. Fenton Longitudinal Studies of Mood Disorders 63 Computed Tomography (CT) 351 in the USA 415 A. Burns and G. Pearlson D. G. Blazer 64 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 355 Outcome of Depression in Finland 416 K. R. R. Krishnan S.-L. Kivela¨ 65 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 357 75a Physical Illness and Depression 417 K. R. R. Krishnan M. E. Evans 66 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 359 Physical Illness and Depression: P. F. Liddle and C. L. Grady A Number of Conundrums 423 67 Single-photon Emission Computed M. R. Eastwood Tomography (SPECT) 363 75b Depression after Stroke 425 M. T. Abou-Saleh P. Knapp and A. House Treatment of Depression in Older People with Physical Disability 427 PART F AFFECTIVE DISORDERS 369 S. Banerjee and F. Ruths 76 Acute Management of Late-life Depression 429 FI Nosology and Classification V. Gardner and D. C. Steffens 68 Nosology and Classification of Mood Disorders 371 77 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 433 D. G. Blazer D. G. Wilkinson FII Depression, Dysthymia, Bereavement and 78 Pharmacological Treatment of Depression 439 Suicidal Behaviour M. T. Abou-Saleh 69 Genetics of Affective Disorders 375 Treatment-resistant Depression 442 J. L. Beyer and D. C. Steffens A. J. Flint 70aEnvironmental Factors, Life Events and 79 Psychotherapy of Depression and Dysthymia 445 Coping Abilities 379 T. R. Lynch and C. M. Vitt T. C. Antonucci and J. S. Jackson 80 Long-term Management of Affective Disorders 453 70bThe Aetiology of Late-life Depression 381 M. T. Abou-Saleh M. Prince and A. Beekman 81 Laboratory Diagnosis: Dexamethasone Risk Factors and the Incidence of Post-stroke Suppression Test 461 Depression 386 M. T. Abou-Saleh P. W. Burvill 82 Bereavement 465 71 Epidemiology of Depression: Prevalence R. Kastenbaum and Incidence 389 83 Suicidal Behaviour 469 D. G. Blazer H. Cattell Epidemiological Catchment Area Studies of Mood Disorders 392 FIII Mania D. G. Blazer 84 Genetics and Aetiology 473 EURODEP—PrevalenceofDepressioninEurope 393 T. Thompson and W. McDonald J. R. M. Copeland 85 Epidemiology and Risk Factors 477 Depression in Older Primary Care Patients: S. Lehmann and P. Rabins Diagnosis and Course 393 86 Mania: Clinical Features and Management 479 J. M. Lyness and E. D. Caine S. Lehmann and P. Rabins 72 Neurochemistry 397 87 Prognosis 481 L. S. Schneider, updated by M. T. Abou-Saleh M. M. Husain CONTENTS ix 88 The Management of Acute Mania 483 PART I PERSONALITY DISORDERS 585 J. L. Beyer and K. R. R. Krishnan 107 Personality Disorders: Aetiology and Genetics 587 V. Molinari, T. Siebert and M. Swartz PART G SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS AND 108 Theoretical and Management Issues 593 MOOD-INCONGRUENT PARANOID STATES 491 R. C. Abrams 89 Late-life Psychotic Disorders: PART J MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL Nosology and Classification 493 DISORDERS DUE TO PSYCHOACTIVE L. T. Eyler Zorrilla and D. Jeste SUBSTANCES 599 90 Clinical Assessment and Differential Diagnosis 497 D. N. Anderson 109 Alcohol Abuse in the Elderly 601 91 Aetiology, Genetics and Risk Factors 503 H. Kyomen and B. Liptzin D. J. Castle and R. M. Murray 110 Epidemiology of Alcohol Problems and Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia-like and Drinking Patterns 607 Paranoid Disorders in Late Life 508 C. F. Hybels and D. G. Blazer R. Howard 111 Drug Misuse in the Elderly 613 92 Schizophrenic Disorder and Mood-incongruent P. Bown, A. H. Ghodse and M. T. Abou-Saleh Paranoid States: Epidemiology, Prevalence, Benzodiazepam Use and Abuse in the Incidence and Course 511 Community: Liverpool Studies 619 R. Howard K. Wilson and P. Mottram 93 The Fate of Schizophrenia with Advancing Age: Research Findings and Implications for Clinical Care 513 PART K LEARNING AND BEHAVIOURAL R. Howard DISORDERS 621 94 Rehabilitation and Long-term Management 517 R. Pugh 112 Old Age and Learning Disability 623 95 Treatment of Late-onset Psychotic Disorders 521 O. Raji and S. Hollins E. M. Zayas and G. T. Grossberg 113a Elderly Offenders 627 96 Risk Factors for Dyskinesia in the Elderly 527 J. M. Parrott T. R. E. Barnes 113b Sleep and Ageing: Disorders and Management 631 H. Chiu Rating Scale for Aggressive Behaviour PART H NEUROSES 535 in the Elderly 633 L. C. W. Lam 97 Nosology and Classification of 114 Sexual Disorders 635 Neurotic Disorders 537 J. M. Kellett D. Bienenfeld 115 Phenomenology of Wandering 637 98 Epidemiology of Neurotic Disorders 541 A. Habib and G. T. Grossberg D. G. Blazer 99 Stress, Coping and Social Support 545 L. R. Landerman and D. Hughes PART L THE PRESENTATION OF MENTAL 100 Clinical Features of Anxiety Disorders 551 ILLNESS IN ELDERLY PERSONS IN E. L. Cassidy, P. J. Swales and J. I. Sheikh DIFFERENT CULTURES 639 101 Prognosis of Anxiety Disorders 555 P. J. Swales, E. L. Cassidy and J. I. Sheikh 116a Problems of Assessing Psychiatric Symptoms 102 Acute Management of Anxiety and Phobias 559 and Illness in Different Cultures 641 J. I. Sheikh, E. L. Cassidy and P. J. Swales M. Abas 103 Psychopharmacological Treatment of Anxiety 563 116b Depression in the Indian Subcontinent 645 J. L. Beyer and K. R. R. Krishnan V. Patel 104 Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder 571 116c Dementia in the Indian Subcontinent 647 J. Lindesay S. Rajkumar, M. Ganguli and D. Jeste 105 Hypochondriacal Disorder 575 117 Dementia and Depression in Africa 649 A. Allen and E. W. Busse O. Baiyewu 106 Other Neurotic Disorders 579 118 Mental Illness in South America 651 J. J. Schulte and D. Bienenfeld S. L. Blay x CONTENTS PART M THE PRACTICE OF MIII Liaison with Medical and Surgical Teams PSYCHOGERIATRIC MEDICINE 653 134 Liaison with Medical and Surgical Teams 731 S. A. Mann 119 Psychiatry of the Elderly—the WPA/WHO 135 Education and the Liaison Psychogeriatrician 737 Consensus Statements 655 D. N. Anderson C. Katona MI The British Model of the Organization of Services MIV Rehabilitation and General Care 120 Development of Health and Social Services in 136 Rehabilitation 739 the UK in the Twentieth Century 657 R. Jones J. P. Wattis 137 Anaesthetics and Mental State 743 121 The Pattern of Psychogeriatric Services 661 D. G. Seymour J. P. Wattis 138a Nutritional State 749 Organization of Services for the Elderly D. N. Anderson and M. T. Abou-Saleh with Mental Disorders 664 Mental Illness in Nursing Homes and E. Chiu Hostels in Australia 752 122 The Multidisciplinary Team 667 D. Ames H. Rosenvinge 138b Caregivers and Their Support 755 123 Community Care: The Background 671 K. C. Buckwalter, L. Garand and M. Maas C. Godber The Sydney Dementia Carers’ Health Care of the Elderly: Training Program 762 The Nottingham Model 673 H. Brodaty Tom Arie 138c Elder Abuse—Epidemiology, Recognition 124 The Development of Day Hospitals and and Management 771 Day Care 677 M. J. Vernon R. Jenkins and D. J. Jolley 125 Day Care 681 138d The Care of the Dying Patient 775 J. M. Eagles and J. Warrington R. E. Nelson and K. G. Meador 126 New Technology and the Care of Cognitively Impaired Older People 685 MV Prevention of the Mental Disorders of Old Age A. Sixsmith 139a Prevention in Mental Disorders of Late Life 779 B. D. Lebowitz and J. L. Pearson MII The North American Model of the 139b A Damning Analysis of the Law and the Organization of Services Elderly Incompetent Patient— 127 The United States System of Care 689 Rights, What Rights? 783 C. C. Colenda, S. J. Bartels and G. L. Gottlieb P. Edwards 128 Community-based Psychiatric Ambulatory Care: 139c Older People, Clinicians and Mental The Private Practice Model in the USA 697 Health Regulation 789 E. M. Stein and G. S. Moak E. Murphy 129a The Psychiatrist’s Role in Linking Community Services 705 MVI Education D. Johnston, K. A. Sherrill and B. V. Reifler 140 Training Requirements for Old Age 129b The Medical Psychiatry Inpatient Unit 709 Psychiatrists in the UK 791 D. G. Folks and F. C. Kinney S. M. Benbow 130 The Psychiatrist in the Nursing Home 713 W. E. Reichman Old Age Psychiatrists and Stress 793 Patient Autonomy vs. Duty of Care— S. M. Benbow the Old Age Psychiatrist’s Dilemma 715 141 Developing and Maintaining Links between A. Treloar Service Disciplines: The Program for 131 Psychiatric Services in Long-term Care 717 Organizing Interdisciplinary I. R. Katz, K. S. Van Haitsma and J. E. Streim Self-education (POISE) 795 132 Care in Private Psychiatric Hospitals 723 J. A. Toner K. G. Meador, M. M. Harkleroad 142 Appendix: International Psychogeriatric and W. M. Petrie Association 799 133 Quality of Care and Quality of Life in B. Reisberg and F. F. Finkel Institutions for the Aged 727 M. Powell Lawton Index 801
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