Modulation, detection, and coding

481 Pages·2002·28.965 MB·English

by  Tommy Öberg

MODULATION, DETECTION AND CODING
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MODULATION,
DETECTION AND
CODING
Tommy Oberg
Signals and Systems Group, Uppsala University
Uppsala, Sweden
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ISBN 0-471-49766-5
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 1
1.1 Usage today 1
1.2 History 1
1.3 Basic elements 5
1.3.1 Transmitter side 6
1.3.2 The channel 6
1.3.3 Receiver side 6
1.3.4 Another system for communication 7
1.3.5 The scope of the book 7
1.4 Multiple user systems 8
1.4.1 Methods for multiple access 8
1.4.2 Continued analysis 15
1.5 Appendix: the division and usage of the electomagnetic spectrum 15
2 LINK BUDGET 19
2.1 Signal to noise ratio 19
2.1.1 Calculation of the signal power 20
2.1.2 Calculation of noise 24
2.1.3 SNR in digital transmission 30
3 INFORMATION THEORY AND SOURCE CODING 37
3.1 The concept of information 38
3.1.1 Discrete source 40
3.1.2 Continuous source 41
3.2 Channel 43
3.2.1 Mutual information 44
3.2.2 Channel models 46
3.2.3 Calculation of channel capacity 48
3.3 Source coding 55
3.3.1 Data compression 56
3.3.2 Speech coding 70
3.4 Appendix 76
3.4.1 Example of image coding, MPEG 76
Vi CONTENTS
4 CHANNEL CODING 81
4.1 Error detection and error correction 81
4.1.1 Fundamental concepts in block coding 83
4.1.2 Performance of block codes 86
4.2 Automatic repeat request 95
4.2.1 Function of ARQ systems 95
4.2.2 Performance of ARQ systems 97
4.3 Block codes 100
4.3.1 Galois fields 100
4.3.2 Linear block codes 102
4.3.3 Cyclic codes 111
4.3.4 Non-binary block codes 123
4.3.5 Modifying block codes 126
4.4 Convolutional codes 129
4.4.1 Description of convolutional codes 129
4.4.2 Performance of convolutional codes 135
4.4.3 Decoding of convolutional codes 141
4.5 Interleaving 155
4.6 Turbo coding 157
4.6.1 Coding 158
4.6.2 Decoding 159
4.7 Cryptography 170
4.7.1 The RSA algorithm 174
4.8 Appendix 177
4.8.1 Examples on application of error correcting coding 181
5 MODULATION 185
5.1 Baseband modulation 186
5.1.1 Preceding 187
5.1.2 Pulse shapes for lowpass channels 188
5.2 Calculation methods for bandpass systems and signals 192
5.3 Analogue carrier modulation 202
5.3.1 Analogue amplitude modulation 203
5.3.2 Analogue phase and frequency modulation 215
5.4 Digital carrier modulation 222
5.4.1 Digital amplitude modulation 223
5.4.2 Digital phase and frequency modulation 225
5.4.3 Non-linear methods with memory 227
5.4.4 Spectrum in digital modulation 237
5.4.5 Combined modulation and error correction coding 251
5.4.6 Transmission using multiple carriers 258
5.5 Appendix 260
CONTENTS VI1
5.5.1 Various frequency pulses 260
5.5.2 Computing spectra for signals with large state diagrams 261
6 DETECTION IN NOISE 265
6.1 Fundamentals of narrowband noise 266
6.2 Analogue systems 269
6.2.1 Influence of noise at amplitude modulation 269
6.2.2 Noise in angle modulation 274
6.3 Digital systems 280
6.3.1 Optimal receiver 281
6.3.2 Signal space 289
6.3.3 Calculation of bit error rate 297
6.3.4 Calculation of error rate for a complicated decision space 313
6.3.5 Non-coherent receivers 316
6.3.6 Comparison of some types of modulation 326
6.4 Diversity 337
6.4.1 Methods of combination 338
6.4.2 Bit error rate 339
6.5 The radio receiver 340
6.6 Appendix 343
6.6.1 Error probabilities for some cases of modulation 343
6.6.2 The Q-function 343
6.6.3 Some important density functions in communication 345
6.6.4 Norm 345
7 ADAPTIVE CHANNEL EQUALISERS 351
7.1 Channel equaliser 352
7.1.1 Zero forcing equaliser 353
7.1.2 Equalisers based on minimum mean square error 354
7.2 Algorithms for adaptation 358
7.2.1 The LMS algorithm 361
7.2.2 The recursive least squares algorithm 370
7.3 Appendix 374
7.3.1 Systolic array 374
8. ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS 377
8.1 Array antennas 377
8.1.1 Antennas with steerable main beam 378
8.1.2 Vector description of the output signal of array antennas 382
8.1.3 Multilobe antennas 384
8.2 Signal processing with array antennas 388
8.2.1 The reference signal method 388
Vlll CONTENTS
8.2.2 The linear constraint minimum variance method 389
8.2.3 Music 392
8.3 Spatio-temporal equalisers 396
8.3.1 The transmission channel 396
8.3.2 ST-MLSE 399
8.3.3 ST-MMSE 402
8.3.4 Estimation of channel parameters 404
9 CDMA: CODES AND DETECTORS 407
9.1 Spreading codes 408
9.1.1 Walsh codes 409
9.1.2 m-Sequences 411
9.1.3 Gold sequences 415
9.1.4 Kasami sequences 416
9.2 Detectors for CDMA 416
9.2.1 Linear detectors 418
9.2.2 Interference cancellation 422
9.3 Appendix: generator polynomials for m-sequences 424
10. SYNCHRONISATION 425
10.1 Introduction 425
10.2 Fundamentals of phase locked loops 426
10.2.1 Analysis of an analogue phase-locked loop 426
10.2.2 Digital phase locked loop 432
10.3 Carrier synchronisation 434
10.3.1 Squaring loop 435
10.3.2 Costas loop 436
10.4 Clock synchronisation 437
10.5 Frame synchronisation 438
10.5.1 Synchronisation probability 438
10.5.2 Synchronisation codes 440
10.5.3 Locking strategies 441
APPENDIX A 443
A. 1 Review of mobile telephone systems 443
A. 1.1 Second generation systems 444
A. 1.2 Third generation systems 445
A. 1.3 Roaming 445
A.2 Review of sysems for cordless telephones 447
A.3 Review of television systems 448
A.4 Digital Television 449
CONTENTS IX
A.4.1 Source coding 449
A.4.2 Modulation 450
A.4.3 Channel coding 451
A.5 FM broadcasting and RDS 453
A.6 Digital audio broadcasting 455
A.6.1 Source coding 455
A.6.2 Channel coding 456
A.6.3 Modulation 456
Answers to exercises 457
Index 463