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Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar PDF

828 Pages·2003·4.38 MB·English
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MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to the grammar of Modern Written Arabic. The Grammar presents an accessible and systematic description of the language, focusing on real patterns of use in contemporary written Arabic. Data is taken from actual written Arabic, both literary and non-literary, observed or published since 1990. Sources range from street signs to high literature. This comprehensive work will be an invaluable resource for intermediate and advanced students of Arabic, and for anyone interested in Arabic linguistics or the way modern written Arabic works. Features include: (cid:135) Comprehensive coverage of all parts of speech and syntactic constructions (cid:135) Full cross-referencing (cid:135) Authentic examples, given in Arabic script, transliteration and translation (cid:135) Detailed indexes in English and Arabic, and glossary El-Said Badawi is Professor of Arabic Language and Linguistics at the American University in Cairo.Michael G. Carter is Professor of Arabic at the University of Oslo. Adrian Gully is Professor of Arabic Studies at the University of Exeter. Routledge Comprehensive Grammars Comprehensive Grammars are available for the following languages: Cantonese Catalan Chinese Danish Dutch Greek Indonesian Japanese Modern Welsh Modern Written Arabic Slovene Swedish Ukrainian MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR El-Said Badawi, Michael G. Carter and Adrian Gully First published 2004 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group Transferred to Digital Printing 2010 ©2004 El-Said Badawi, Michael G. Carter and Adrian Gully Typeset in Times and Akhbar by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gully, Adrian Modern written Arabic: a comprehensive grammar/Adrian Gully, M.G. Carter, El-Said Badawi. p. cm Includes index. 1. Arabic language (cid:177) Grammar. 2. Arabic language (cid:177) Textbooks for foreign speakers (cid:177) English. I. Carter, M.G. II. Badawi, El-Said M. III. Title. PJ307.G85 2002 492.7'8242 (cid:177) dc21 2002068000 ISBN 0(cid:177)415(cid:177)13085(cid:177)9 (pbk) ISBN 0(cid:177)415(cid:177)13084(cid:177)0 (hbk) CONTENTS Acknowledgements x List of abbreviations xi INTRODUCTION 1 Readership 1 Issues of definition 1 Principles of the book 2 Data, sources and principles of selection 3 Relationship to other works 4 Transliteration 5 Presentation 6 Translation 6 Technical matters 7 Arrangement and use 7 1 FORMS 8 1.0 Introduction 8 1.1 Phonology 8 1.2 Orthography 11 1.3 Punctuation 21 1.4 Morphology 25 1.5 Inflection 30 1.6 Uninflected words: particles 36 1.7 Uninflected and partially inflected nominals 44 1.8 Inflected classes 48 1.9 Verb morphology 59 1.10 Derived stems 76 1.11 Noun patterns, deverbatives 88 1.12 Morphosyntactic categories: number, gender, definiteness, case, agreement 90 2 NOUN PHRASESTRUCTURE 101 2.0 Noun phrase, general characterization 101 2.1 Adjectival qualification 102 2.2 Apposition 123 2.3 Annexation 130 2.4 Dependent elements 144 2.5 Adverbs and adverbials 161 2.6 Prepositions 174 Contents vi 2.7 Prepositionals 198 2.8 Emphasizers 219 2.9 Nominal determiners 223 2.10 Verbal noun and participial phrases 237 2.11 Comparatives and superlatives 246 2.12 Cardinal numbers 256 2.13 Ordinal numbers 271 2.14 Miscellaneous numerical items 274 2.15 Vocatives 287 2.16 Exclamations 290 2.17 Oaths and exclamations 293 2.18 Negative nouns 293 2.19 Coordination (phrasal) 295 2.20 Other phrasal units 303 3 THE BASIC SENTENCE 306 3.0 Introduction 306 3.1 Equational sentence 307 3.2 Equational sentence modifiers 320 3.3 Topic-comment sentences 326 3.4 Anticipatory pronoun èam¥r al-Á(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:81)(cid:183)(cid:71)(cid:55)(cid:18)(cid:155)(cid:31)(cid:208)(cid:66)(cid:112)(cid:31) 337 3.5 Separating pronoun èam¥r al-fa§l(cid:102)(cid:56)(cid:62)(cid:18)(cid:155)(cid:31)(cid:208)(cid:66)(cid:112) 338 3.6 Negative equational sentences 344 3.7 Basic verbal sentence 344 3.8 Verbal agreement in number and gender 352 3.9 Agent emphasis 359 3.10 Aspect and tense 362 3.11 Transitivity and intransitivity 372 3.12 Passive verbs 383 3.13 Reflexive verbs 389 3.14 Reciprocity 391 3.15 Impersonal, auxiliary and modal verbs 394 3.16 k(cid:162)na (cid:183)(cid:75)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:182) 399 3.17 Verbs of becoming and duration 406 3.18 Verbs of existence 415 3.19 Verbs of non-existence 417 3.20 (cid:57)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:182) 418 3.21 Verbs denoting (cid:181)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:182) 422 3.22 Verbs of beginning and continuing 427 3.23 Other compound verbs and idiomatic structures 431 3.24 Miscellaneous verb phrases and structures 435 3.25 Optatives 439 3.26 Energetic form and oaths 441 3.27 Exclamatory verbs 442 3.28 Exclamatory sentences with wa-(cid:185), rubba(cid:243)(cid:156)(cid:165), kam(cid:103)(cid:17),and other interrogatives 447 Contents vii 3.29 Dependent noun objects and complements 450 3.30 Restrictives 458 3.31 (cid:182)(cid:76)Ä(cid:162)(cid:155)(cid:164)(cid:153)and (cid:182)(cid:76)Ä(cid:164)(cid:153)(cid:31)of surprise 460 4 NEGATIVES 463 4.0 Introduction 463 4.1 Nominal sentences 463 4.2 Negatives in verbal sentences 469 4.3 Negative of k(cid:162)na (cid:183)(cid:75)(cid:17) 481 4.4 Prohibitions 483 4.5 Optatives 484 4.6 Exceptives 484 4.7 Resumptive negatives 484 4.8 Negative interrogative sentences 486 4.9 Calqu(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:182) 486 5 ADJECTIVAL AND RELATIVE CLAUSES 489 5.0 General principles 489 5.1 Relative clauses with indefinite heads 494 5.2 Relative clauses with definite heads 497 5.3 Nominal relative clauses 504 5.4 The indefinite pronouns man(cid:104)(cid:240)(cid:19)(cid:238) (cid:181)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:182)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)m(cid:162)(cid:75)(cid:19) (cid:181)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:182) 506 5.5 Idiomatic combinations 513 5.6 Further functions of relative m(cid:162)(cid:75)(cid:19) 516 5.7 Idiomatic combinations of relative m(cid:162)(cid:75)(cid:19)(cid:31) with prepositionals 518 5.8 Quasi-compounds with relativem(cid:162)(cid:75)(cid:19) as the second element 521 5.9 Compound subordinating conjunctions with m(cid:162)(cid:75)(cid:19) and preposition(al) 523 6 COORDINATED SENTENCES 539 6.0 Introduction 539 6.1 Asyndetic coordination 539 6.2 Syndetic coordination 541 6.3 With fa-(cid:178)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:182) 551 6.4 With ¨umma(cid:103)(cid:5) 557 6.5 With l(cid:162)kin(na)(cid:104)(cid:64)(cid:18)(cid:31)(cid:181)but(cid:182) 558 6.6 With bal(cid:102)(cid:3) 560 6.7 With(cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:185)(cid:151) and (cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:182)(cid:151) (cid:181)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182) 562 6.8 With (cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:162)(cid:75)(cid:243)(cid:19)(cid:153) 565 6.9 With l(cid:162) siyyam(cid:162)(cid:75)(cid:66)(cid:243)(cid:69)(cid:9)(cid:31)(cid:116)(cid:181)especially(cid:182) 566 6.10 With saw(cid:162)(cid:182)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:3)... (cid:182)(cid:68),(cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:80), or (cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:90) ... ... (cid:31)(cid:185)(cid:155)(cid:130)(cid:182)(cid:151)(cid:31)(cid:130)(cid:151)(cid:31)(cid:132)(cid:132)(cid:132)(cid:31)(cid:149)(cid:155)(cid:106)(cid:9) (cid:181)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:182) 567 6.11 With úatt(cid:162)(cid:107)(cid:243)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:182) 569 6.12 Negative coordinating conjunctions 571 Contents viii 7 SUBORDINATION 575 7.0 General principles 575 7.1 Classification of subordinate clauses 575 7.2 Nominalized and non-nominalized clauses 577 7.3 Circumstantial qualifiers 579 7.4 Final subordinate syndetic verbal clauses 587 7.5 (cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:183)(cid:240)(cid:151) and (cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:243)(cid:183)(cid:151) 588 7.6 Further simple subordinators 617 7.7 Comparative subordinators 634 7.8 Annexation of temporal and locative adverbsto sentences 635 8 CONDITIONALS 636 8.0 General conditional syntax 636 8.1 (cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:183)(cid:240)(cid:153) (cid:181)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:182) 638 8.2 law ... la- (cid:54)(cid:18)(cid:31)(cid:132)(cid:132)(cid:132)(cid:31)(cid:106)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:62)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:64)(cid:182) 645 8.3 (cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:162)(cid:155)(cid:164)(cid:153) (cid:181)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:182) 653 8.4 Elliptical conditional wa-(cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:162)(cid:116)(cid:153)(cid:185)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:182), if it is not (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:182) 663 8.5 Indefinite conditionals 664 8.6 Concessive clauses 669 8.7 Conditionals in reported speech 670 9 EXCEPTIVES 671 9.0 General principles 671 9.1 isti¨n(cid:162)(cid:182) mufarra\(cid:181)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:182) 672 9.2 isti¨n(cid:162)(cid:182) mutta§il(cid:181)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72) 675 9.3 isti¨n(cid:162)(cid:182) mutta§il(cid:181)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72) 675 9.4 Inter-clausal (cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:162)(cid:116)(cid:153) 675 9.5 Other exceptive elements 681 10 INTERROGATIVES, INDIRECT SPEECH 685 10.0 Introduction 685 10.1 Questions with (cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:151) 686 10.2 Questions with hal (cid:102)(cid:21) 690 10.3 man (cid:104)(cid:240)(cid:19)(cid:238) (cid:181)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:182) 691 10.4 m(cid:162)(cid:75)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:182) 693 10.5 m(cid:162)(cid:75)(cid:19) in shortened form 695 10.6 (cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:92)u(cid:243)(cid:187)(cid:151)(cid:181)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)?(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:68)t?(cid:182) 698 10.7 kam (cid:103)(cid:240)(cid:17)(cid:191) (cid:181)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:34)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:34)(cid:182) 698 10.8 (cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:104)(cid:22)(cid:151)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:34)(cid:182) 699 10.9 kayfa (cid:99)(cid:69)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:34)(cid:182) 700 10.10 mat(cid:162)(cid:215)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:34)(cid:182) 700 10.11 (cid:182)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:162)(cid:107)(cid:243)(cid:20)(cid:151)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:34)(cid:182) 701 10.12 Answers to questions 701 10.13 Rhetorical questions 703 10.14 Direct speech 710 Contentsix 10.15 Indirect speech 711 10.16 Indirect questions 713 10.17 Indirect yes(cid:177)no questions 714 10.18 Indirect questions with man(cid:104)(cid:19), m(cid:162)[(cid:98)(cid:162)] (cid:176)(cid:155)(cid:164)(cid:175)(cid:75)(cid:19) 716 10.19 (cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:98)(cid:162)(cid:155)(cid:164)(cid:153) etc. in yes(cid:177)no indirect questions 720 10.20 saw(cid:162)(cid:182)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:149)(cid:242)(cid:155)(cid:106)(cid:9)with indirect question syntax 722 11 HYPERSENTENCE AND DISCOURSE 723 11.0 Introduction 723 11.1 With resumptive fa- (cid:54)(cid:15) 723 11.2 Without resumptive fa- (cid:54)(cid:15)with wa-(cid:185)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:182) 728 11.3 wa-(cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:162) fa- (cid:54)(cid:15)(cid:116)(cid:155)(cid:185)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:182) 729 11.4 Parenthetical phrases and clauses 730 11.5 Cohesive reiteration 731 11.6 Explanation (tafs¥r) 732 11.7 Issues of style 732 11.8 Idioms involving repetition 738 12 LEXICON 740 12.0 Introduction 740 12.1 Loan words 740 12.2 Adjectival suffix -¥ (nisba) 744 12.3 Adjectival suffix -(cid:162)w¥ 746 12.4 Nouns with suffix -iyya 749 12.5 Compound structures 751 12.6 Negative compound nouns and adjectives 754 12.7 Compound adjectives 756 12.8 Extension of existing verbal patterns 762 12.9 Morphological innovations 765 12.10 Plurals 766 12.11 Lexical innovations 768 12.12 Semantic changes 768 Glossary 770 Bibliography 779 Arabic Index 781 Index 788

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Modern Written Arabic is a complete reference guide to the grammar of modern written Arabic. The Grammar presents an accessible and systematic description of the language, focusing on real patterns of use in contemporary written Arabic, from street signs to literature. Examples are drawn from authen
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