Modern trends in atomic physics PDF
Preview Modern trends in atomic physics
EDITORIAL BOARD Jiri Cizek (Waterloo, Canada) David P. Craig (Canberra, Australia) Raymond Daudel (Paris, France) Ernst R. Davidson (Bloomington, Indiana) Inga Fischer-Hjalmars (Stockholm, Sweden) Kenichi Fukui (Kyoto, Japan) George G. Hall (Nottingham, England) Jan Linderberg (Aarhus, Denmark) Frederick A. Matsen (Austin, Texas) Roy McWeeney (Pisa, Italy) William H. Miller (Berkeley, California) Keiji Morokuma (Okazaki, Japan) Joseph Paldus (Waterloo, Canada) Ruben Pauncz (Haifa, Israel) Siegrid Peyerimhoff (Bonn, Germany) John A. Pople (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) Alberte Pullman (Paris, France) Pekka Pyykko (Helsinki, Finland) Leo Radom (Canberra, Australia) Klaus Ruedenberg (Ames, Iowa) Henry F. Schaefer I11 (Athens, Georgia) Isaiah Shavitt (Columbus, Ohio) Per Siegbahn (Stockholm, Sweden) Au-Chin Tang (Kirin, Changchun, China) Rudolf Zahradnik (Prague, Czech Republic) ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD David M. Bishop (Ottawa, Canada) Giuseppe del Re (Naples, Italy) Fritz Grein (Fredericton, Canada) Mu Shik Jhon (Seoul, Korea) Me1 Levy (New Orleans, Louisiana) Jens Oddershede (Odense, Denmark) Mark Ratner (Evanston, Illinois) Dennis R. Salahub (Montreal, Canada) Hare1 Weinstein (New York, New York) Robert E. Wyatt (Austin, Texas) Tokio Yamabe (Kyoto, Japan) ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY MODERN TRENDS IN NOMIC PHYSICS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF PER-OLOV LOWDIN PROFESSOR EMERITUS DEPARTMENT OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND QUANTUM THEORY PROJECT UPPSALA UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA UPPSALA, SWEDEN GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA EDITORS JOHN R. SABIN MICHAEL C. ZERNER ERKKI BaNDAS QUANTUM THEORY PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA UPPSALA UNIVERSITY GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA UPPSALA, SWEDEN GUEST EDITORS DAG HANSTORP HANS PERSSON DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY GOTEBORG UNIVERSITY GOTEBORG UNIVERSITY GOTEBORG, SWEDEN GOTEBORG, SWEDEN VOLUME 30 ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1998 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-1997 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 0065-3276/98 $25.00 Academic Press a division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.corn Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uWap/ International Standard Book Number: 0-12-034830-6 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 98 99 0001 02 03QW 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. J. Anton (273), Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Kassel, D-34209 Kassel, Germany H. W. Baldauf (65), Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik and Sektion Physik der Universitat, Munchen, 85748 Garching, Germany Barun Bandyopadhyay ( 163), Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian As- sociation for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta 700032, India T. Beier (1 25), Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Technische Universitat Dresden, D-0 1062 Dresden, Germany J. C. Bergquist (41), Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 D. Berkeland (41), Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 U. Berzinsh (283, 31 l), Department of Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden J. J. Bollinger (41), Ion Storage Group, Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 Tomas Brage (301), Department of Physics, University of Lund, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden Barnali Datta (163), Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta 700032, India T. Eichler (65), Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik and Sektion Physik der Universitat, Munchen, 85748 Garching, Germany Curt Ekstrom (361), The Svedberg Laboratory, Box 533, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden B. Fricke (273), Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Kassel, D-34209 Kassel, Germany M. E. J. Friese (469), Department of Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia M. Greiner (123, Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Technische Universitat Dres- den, D-01062 Dresden, Germany ix X CONTRIBUTORS Walter Greiner (1 95), Theoretische Physik, Universitat Frankfurt, D-60054, Frankfurt/Main, Germany Martin G. H. Gustavsson (343), Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg University, Department of Experimental Physics, Atomic and Molecular Phys- ics Groups, Fysikgrand 3, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden G. Haefller (31 l), Department of Physics, Goteborg University and Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96, Goteborg, Sweden Dag Hanstorp (31 I), Department of Physics, Goteborg University and Chal- mers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden N. R. Heckenberg (469), Department of Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia S. R. Helmfrid (65), Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik and Sektion Physik der Universitat, Miinchen, 85748 Garching, Germany J. T. Hoffges (65), Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik and Sektion Physik der Universitat, Munchen, 85748 Garching, Germany Vernon W. Hughes (99), Yale University, Physics Department, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 W. M. Itano (41), NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 B. E. King (41), NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 I. Yu. Kiyan (3 1 I), Department of Physics, Goteborg University and Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96, Goteborg, Sweden A. E. Klinkmiiller (31 l), Department of Physics, Goteborg University and Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden P. Kurpick (273), Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Kassel, D-34209 Kassel, Germany Leonti Labzowsky (393), St. Petersburg State University, Department of Phys- ics, St. Petersburg, Russia D. Leibfried (41), Ion Storage Group, NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 U. Ljungblad (3 1 l), Department of Physics, Goteborg University and Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden Per-Olov Lowdin (415 ), Department of Quantum Chemistry, Uppsala Univer- sitet, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden; and Florida Quantum Theory Project, De- partment of Physics and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8435 Uttam Sinha Mahapatra (163), Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian As- sociation for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta 700032, India Ann-Marie MPrtensson-Pendrill (343), Department of Physics, Goteborg University, and Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden Indrek Martinson (301), Department of Physics, University of Lund, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden D. M. Meekhof (41), NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 J. Miller (41), NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 CONTRIBUTORS xi Peter J. Mohr (77), National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithers- burg, Maryland 20899-0001 C. Monroe (41), NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 D. Mukherjee (163), Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta 700032, India T. A. Nieminen (469), Department of Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia Carl Nording (l), Department of Physics, Uppsala University, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden D. J. Pegg (311), Department of Physics, Goteborg University, and Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden L. R. Pendrill (443,S wedish National Testing & Research Institute, S-501 14 Boris, Sweden J. R. Persson (333, School of Physics and Space Research, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B 15 2TT, United Kingdom Hans Persson (125,379), Department of Physics, Goteborg University, and Chal- mers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden William D. Phillips (19), National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gai- thersburg, Maryland 20899 G. Plunien (123, Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Technische Universitat Dres- den, D-01062 Dresden, Germany Norman F. Ramsey (3,L yman Physics Laboratory, Harvard University, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts 0213 8 L. Robertson (445), Swedish National Testing & Research Institute, S-501 14 Boris, Sweden Arne RosCn (235), Department of Physics, Goteborg University, and Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop (469), Department of Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia Sten Salomonson (379), Department of Physics, Goteborg University and Chal- mers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden K. Schulze (273), Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Kassel, D-34209 Kassel, Germany W.-D. Sepp (273), Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Kassel, D-34209 Kassel, Germany Gerhard Soff (125), Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Technische Universitat Dresden, D-0 1062 Dresden, Germany Joe Sucher (433), Center for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 Per Sunnergren (379), Department of Physics, Goteborg University and Chal- mers University of Technology, S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden Sune Svanberg (209,283), Department of Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden Xii CONTRIBUTORS M. A. Tokman (393), St. Petersburg State University, Department of Physics, St. Petersburg, Russia H. Walther (65),M ax-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptik and Sektion Physik der Universitat, Munchen, 85748 Garching, Germany D. J. Wineland (41), NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80303 Yaming Zou (301), Department of Physics, University of Lund, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden The symposium Modem Trends in Atomic Physics was held on May 24-25, 1995, at the Hjortviken Conference Centre just outside Goteborg in Sweden. It was organized in honor of Professor Ingvar Lindgren on the occasion of his 65th birthday, which also coincided with the date of his retirement. He had been appointed professor in the Department of Physics, Goteborg University/ Chalmers University of Technology, 30 years earlier. During this time he achieved a national and international reputation as a leading scientist. Many of Ingvar’s scientific friends and all of his past and present students were invited to the symposium. In total, 90 people attended. This book contains the text of 11 invited talks presented at the symposium. Unfortunately, the limited time of the symposium made it impossible to allow many leading scientists to give oral presentations. They were instead invited to submit written papers for publication in this proceeding. In total, 13 such invited papers are presented. The first paper is written by Ingvar’s long-time colleague and friend, Professor Carl Nordling from Uppsala University, who gives a per- sonal presentation of Ingvar’s career. The scientific papers start with that of Nobel laureate Norman F. Ramsey from Harvard University, who gives a his- torical review of the early development of experimental studies using coherent radiation. The volume then covers many areas of experimental and theoretical atomic physics, including both historical reviews and papers covering very re- cent results. The Swedish Academy of Sciences and Goteborg University are acknowl- edged for the financial support that made the conference possible. M. Sc. Martin G. H. Gustavsson is kindly acknowledged for his work on the organizing com- mittee and for his assistance in the preparation of this proceeding. At this time we thank Ingvar for his support over the years, and wish him good luck in his future work as Director General of the Foundation for Strategic Research. It is also a pleasure to recognize one of the invited speakers, Dr. William D. Phillips, who was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics for “development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.” DAG HANSTORP HANSP ERSON xiii Four decades of atomic physics A review of Ingvar Lindgren's career until now by Carl Nordling Department of Physics University of Uppsala Ingvar graduated from high-school in Uppsala in 1950. For further education he went to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, from which he graduated in 1954. In the same year his physics professor, Kai Siegbahn, was appointed a professor of physics at Uppsala university. Siegbahn had observed Ingvar's unusual talents for physics and invited Ingvar to join him as a graduate student. In this capacity Ingvar immediately became involved in atomic physics research. Or was it rather nuclear physics research? The title of one of his first scientific publications was "Atomic beam resonance apparatus with six-pole magnets for radioactive isotopes", a title that suggests an involvement of both atomic and nuclear physics. The effective solid angle of his instrument was an order of magnitude larger than could be obtained with the conventional method, so Ingvar could produce resonance curves and determine hfs interaction constants and nuclear spins and magnetic moments for radioactive atoms that had not previously been within reach. Obviously, at that time Ingvar was doing experimental physics and designing new instruments for his experiments. And he has continued to work as an experimentalist and supervise experimental work in atomic beam resonance spectroscopy, laser spectroscopy and environmentally oriented applications, but theoretical work has become an increasingly large part of his scientific activity. Indeed, so much so that in a selective list of his publications that I have obtained, only theoretical publications are mentioned! Also, the nuclear physics has to a large extent given way to atomic physics in his research. In May of 1959 Ingvar took his PhD with highest marks (marks are not given anymore). I presented my thesis on the following day, and we had a common dinner party to celebrate both events. A few years later, in 1966, Ingvar moved to Goteborg as a professor of physics at Chalmers Institute of Technology and Goteborg University. He soon became head of the physics department (1967-70) and dean of the faculty (1968-70, 75-79 and 88-93). More than 60 students have studied for the PhD exam under his supervision. With the symposium on Modem ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, VOLUME 30 Copyright 0 1998 by Acadenuc Press. All rights of reproducuon in any form reserved. 0065-3276198 $25.00 I 2 Carl Nordling Trends in Atomic Physics we have now celebrated his promotion to the level of emeritus professor. During the late 1950:s and first part of the 60s Ingvar made major contributions to our knowledge of spins and electromagnetic moments of nuclear ground and excited states. In the 1965 edition of the ”Bible” of nuclear spectroscopy, ”Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-ray Spectroscopy”, Editor K.Siegbahn, he contributed an exhaustive table of nuclear spins and moments, obtained with various techniques. Experiments had now shown that the single-particle model was unable to satisfactorily explain the atomic hyperfine interaction. Many-body effects had to be taken into account. So, after the transfer to Goteborg Ingvar became more and more involved in theoretical work, in particular electronic many-body perturbation theory. He extended the Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation formalism to the case of a model space that is not necessarily degenerate [Journal of Physics €3 7, 2441-70, 19741. He presented a new approach to the diagrammatic formulation of many-body perturbation theory for open-shell systems [International Journal of Quantum Chemistry S12, 33-58, 19781. He applied many-body perturbation theory in the coupled-cluster formulation to perform very accurate calculations on the 22S and 22P states of the lithium atom [Physical Review A 31, 1273-86, 19851. In a review article with D. Mukherjee he took a close look into the various aspects of the linked- cluster theorem for open-shell systems, using as little constraints on the starting functions as possible - and practicable [Physics Reports 151, 93-127, 19871. A rigorous method for calculating the first-order self-energy in a model potential, using partial-wave renormalization, was presented by Ingvar and several coworkers in 1993 [Physical Review A 47, R4555-58, 19931. A numerical scheme for evaluating the part of the one-photon vacuum-polarization effect that is not accounted for by the Uehling potential was published in the same year [Physical Review A 48,2772-78, 19931, and in 1995 a complete, numerical calculation of the effect of exchange of two virtual photons between the electrons in the ground states of heliumlike systems was published [Physical Review A 51, 1167-95, 19951. I have mentioned here only a small selection of theoretical papers on Ingvar’s publication list, which contains about 150 titles in total. A few weeks ago I received a preprint of his invited talk at the 1996 ICAP conference where Ingvar and coworkers review QED effects in heavy, highly charged ions, in particular the Lamb shift for one-, two-, and three-electron ions [Proc. 15th Int. Conf. on Atomic Physics, World Scientific 19961, and he has published at least four more papers this year.
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