Modern Topics in Microwave Propagation and Air-Sea Interaction: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Sorrento, Italy, June 5–14, 1973

368 Pages·1973·10.92 MB·English

by  A. Zancla (auth.), A. Zancla (eds.)

Modern Topics in Microwave Propagation and Air-Sea Interaction
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES
Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims
at the dissemination of advanced knowledge and
the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction
with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company
Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston
D Behavioral and Sijthoff International Publishing Company
Social Sciences Leiden
E Applied Sciences Noordhoff International Publishing
Leiden
Series C - Mathematical and Physical Sciences
Volume 5 - Modern Topics in Microwave Propagation and Air-Sea Interaction
Modern Topics
in Microwave Propagation
and Air-Sea Interaction
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute
held at Sorrento, Italy, June 5-14, 1973
edited by
A. ZANCLA
Italian Meteorological Service, Rome, Italy
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dordrecht-Holland / Boston-U.S.A.
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
First printing: December 1973
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-91210
ISBN-\3: 978-94-010-2683-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2681-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-2681-9
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company
P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico
by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc.
306 Dartmouth Street, Boston, Mass. 02116, U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1973 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
CONTENTS
Preface' vii
Photograph viii
List of participants and contributors ix
OPENING SESSION
A. Zancla: Introductory speech 3
G. Cena: Welcome address 4
I. Ranzi: Introductory lecture / Some aspects of modern
radiometeorology 5
I GROUP / AIR-SEA INTERACTION AND DUCTING: METEOROLOGICAL
AND RADIOMETEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS 7
M. Coantic: The physical processes of air-sea interactions:
a review 9
T. Laevastu: Present state of knowledge on evaporation
from the sea and numerical analysis / forecasting of
water vapor pressure in the surface layers of the air 22
R. Bolgiano and Z. Warhaft: Preliminary observation of the
evaporation duct in the I.M.S.T. air-sea wind tunnel 37
B.R. Bean and C.B. Emmanuel: The dynamics of water vapor
flux in the marine boundary layer 51
L. Hasse: The structure of the atmospheric boundary layer
at sea 65
A. Nania and A. Pucciano: About the need of a standard
technique to compute atmospheric refractive index
from radiosonde data 79
H.D. Seehars: Determination of the wind stratification by
scatter propagation methods on 7 and 16 GHz 90
R. Bolgiano: Turbulent transport and refractive index
structure immediately above the air-sea interface 105
II GROUP / AIR-SEA INTERACTION AND DUCTING: RADIOPROPAGA-
TION ASPECTS 115
G.D. Hamilton and T. Laevastu: The structure of moisture
and temperature profiles in the near-surface layers,
their variability and effects on radar propagation as
demonstrated with ray tracing techniques 117
H. Jeske: State and limits of prediction methods of radar
wave propagation conditions over sea 130
H.W. Fruchtenicht: Characteristics and applications of line-
of-sight duct propagation 149
S. Rotheram: Propagation theory for the evaporation duct 164
VI CONTENTS
M. Anastassiadis and D. Mavrakis: Oceanic duct and its ef-
fects on microwave propagation in the Mediterranean
Sea 179
A.W. Straiton: Transmission of millimeter radio waves in
over water ducts 181
D.T. Gjessing: Diffraction of radio waves by terrain ob-
stacles in radio ducts 193
A. Nania and A. Pucciano: Interference lobes pattern con-
nected to a ground based radar duct 209
S. Wickerts and L. Nilsson: The Occurrence of very high
field strengths at beyond the horizon propagation over
sea in the frequency range 60-5000 MHZ 217
III GROUP / ATMOSPHERIC INFLUENCE ON RADIO PROPAGATION
ABOVE 10 GHz: COMMUNICATION ASPECTS 241
B. Peroni: Communications requirements at frequencies
above 10 GHz and their correlation with propagation
aspects 243
F. Carassa: Aspects in using frequencies bands above 10
GHz for satellite communication systems 258
IV GROUP / ATMOSPHERIC INFLUENCE ON RADIO PROPAGATION
ABOVE 10 GHz: E.M. PROPAGATION PHENOMENA AND RESULTS 283
D.T. Llewellyn Jones: Attenuation by rainfall in the sub-
millimetre wave region 285
D.R. Hay: Recent studies of visibility and atmospheric
attenuation at optical wavelengths 292
D.R. Hay: Some recent lidar experiments on particle scat-
tering in the lower troposphere 298
D.L. Croom: Radiometry, the structure of atmospheric spec-
trum lines, and related experiments 305
A. Paraboni: Depolarization phenomena on electromagnetic
waves through rain 308
F. Fedi and P. Mandarini: Analysis of the influence of the
various parameters on the attenuation-rain rate rela-
tion 325
G. Drufuca and A. Paraboni: Quantitative analysis of precip-
itations through radar techniques 343
REPORTS OF WORKING GROUPS 357
Group A: Some general comments on the exchange and stabil-
ity processes in the surface layer 359
Group B: Concerning evaporation and intermittency 363
CONTENTS VII
PREFACE
The increasing use of very high frequencies for radio communi-
cations, the demand for additional channels above 10 GHz and the
use of new techniques and instrumentation for sounding the tropo-
sphere were the starting points for the choice of the topics to
deal with at the NATO Advanced Institute held in Sorrento (ITALY),
June 5 through 14, 1973.
Moreover the particular interest presently devoted to the pro-
pagation of microwaves along sea paths suggested the convenience to
consider also the air-sea interface problems and the physical pro-
cesses of evaporation from the sea.
The valuable contributions of high qualified lecturers as well
as the enthusiastic participation of the students to lectures, work-
shops and informal meetings, assured the goal that was in the aim
of the Institute.
I am pleased to express my gratitude to prof. D.R. HAY, Pre-
sident of the Radiometeorology NATO Panel, to dr. D. GJESSING, mem-
ber of the Advisory Committee and to dr. T. Kester, executive offi-
cer of the Panel itself and head of the Advanced Institute Program,
for the advice they offered me during the organization of the Insti-
tute.
My appreciation is addressed to lecturers and to directors of
the conference sections and workshops.
I thank prof. A. SERRA and prof. G. CENA, respectively former
and newly appointed chiefs of the Italian A.F. Meteorological Serv-
ice that helped me with suggestions, and the Italian Air Force
STAFF for the logistic support.
A. Zancla
Director of the Institute
Note: The numbers refer to the 'List of participants and con-
tributors'. pp. xi-xiii.
List of part~c~pants and contributors
(contributors indicated by an asterisk)
BELGIUM
(39) Prof. O. Godart - Universite de Louvain, Institut
d'Astronomie et de Geophysique,
Louvain-le-Neuve
(25) Mr. M.G. Schayes - ( as above )
CANADA
(7) Prof. R.W. Burling - Institute of Oceanography, University
of British Colombia, Vancouver
(2) Prof. D.R. Hay * - University of Western Ontario,
Faculty of Science, London, Ontario
DENMARK
(9) Prof. H. Bach - Laboratory of Electromagnetic Thecry
Technical University of Denmark,
Lyngby
(3) Mr. J. Boisen - Danish Defence Research Establish-
ment, Copenhagen
(13) Dr. N. Klint-Hansen - ( as above )
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
(8) Dr. H.W. Fruchtenicht * - Institut fUr Radiometeorologie und
Maritime Meteorologie, Hamburg
(28) Dr. G. Kruspe * - ( as above)
(23) Dr. H. Jeske * - ( as above )
Dr. H.D. Seehars * - ( as above )
(20) Prof. L. Hasse * - Meteorologisches Institut der
Universitat, Hamburg
FRANCE
Mr. J. Battesti - Centre National d'Etudes des Telec.
Issy les Moulineaux
(38) Mr. M. Rooryck - ( as above )
(32) Dr. M. Coantic * - Institut de Mecanique Statistique
de la Turbulence, Marseille
x LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND CONTRIBUTORS
GREECE
(31) Mr. D. Mavrakis * - Department of Physics of the Univer-
sity, Athens
HOLLAND
(40) Ing. M.J.M. Van Weert - Technische Hogeschool, Eindhoven
ITALY
Dr. A. Bernardini - Istituto di Comunicazioni Elettroni-
che dell'Universita, Roma
( 44) Prof. Ing. B. Peroni. - ( as above )
Dr. M. Colacino - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
LF .A., Roma .
(42) Prof. Ing. C. Capsoni - Istituto di Elettrotecnica ed Elet-
tronica del Politecnico, Milano
(47) Prof. Ing. F. Carassa*- ( as above)
(49) Dr. Ing. Drufuca. - ( as above)
(48) Dr. Ing. A. Paraboni. - ( as above)
(45) Dr. Ing. F. Fedi. - Fondazione Bordoni, Roma
(46) Ing. P. Mandarini - ( as above)
(43) Dr. Ing. I. Ghidini - Radio Televisione Italiana, Roma
(1) Prof. G. Cena - Servizio Meteorologico A.M., Roma
(33) Dr. A. Nania. - ( as .. above )
(10) Dr. G. Racca - ( as above )
(5) Dr. A. Zancla - ( as above )
(15) Mr. A. Pucciano - Centro Meteorologico Regionale
Aeroporto Brindisi
(6) Prof. Ing. I. Ranzi. - Istituto Superiore Poste e Teleco-
municazioni, Roma
N.A.T.O.
(11) Dr. T. Kester - Scientific Affairs Division, NATO-
OTAN, Bruxelles
NORWAY
(36) Dr. T. Gjessing. - Defence Research Establishment,
Kjeller
(30) Dr. K.S. McCormick - ( as above )
(14) Mr. A. Tangerud - ( as above)
(12) Mr. A. Moene - Meteorologisk Institut, Oslo
SWEDEN
(22) Mr. L.Ladell - Swedish Defence Research Establish-
ment, Stockholm
(4) Dr. S. Wickerts. - ( as above)
U.K.
Dr. D. Croom .. - Radio and Space Research Station,
Slough, Bucks