Modern Small Antennas

492 Pages·2014·8.92 MB·English

by  Fujimoto K.

ModernSmallAntennas
Ifyou’reinvolvedindesigninganddeveloping smallantennas, thiscomplete, cutting-
edge guide covers everything you need to know. From fundamentals and basic theory
to design optimization, evaluation, measurements, and simulation techniques, all the
essentialinformationisincluded.You’llalsogetmanypracticalexamplesfromarange
ofwirelesssystems,whilstaglossaryisprovidedtobringyouuptospeedonthelatest
terminology.Awidevarietyofsmallantennasiscovered,anddesignandpracticesteps
aredescribedforeachtype:electricallysmall,functionallysmall,physicallyconstrained
small,andphysicallysmall.Whetheryouareaprofessionalinindustry,aresearcher,or
agraduatestudent,thisisyouressentialguidetosmallantennas.
KyoheiFujimotoisaProfessorEmeritusattheUniversityofTsukuba,Japan,andisalso
aSeniorScientistattheFoundationforAdvancementofInternationalScience.Hehas
publishedextensivelyonthesubjectofantennasandhaswrittenseveralbooksincluding
the classic Small Antennas (1987). He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE, a Fellow of the
IEICE,andamemberofSigmaXi.
Hisashi Morishita is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engi-
neeringattheNationalDefenseAcademy,Japan,wherehehasworkedsince1992.His
researchhaslongbeenconcernedwithsmallantennasandmobilecommunications,on
whichhehassofarpublishedmanypapersinmajortechnicaljournals.Heisamember
oftheIEICEandaseniormemberoftheIEEE.
“ModernSmallAntennasisaclearlywritten,comprehensive,yetpracticaltreatmentfor
thedesignanddevelopmentofthephysicallysmallandcompactantennasrequiredby
many of today’s wireless systems. It is an indispensable day-to-day desk reference for
thesmallantennadesigner.”
GaryA.Thiele,UniversityofDayton
“Thisbookonsmallantennasismasterfullywritten.Thewealthofdesigninformation
onthestate-of-the-artonsmallantennaconfigurationsisunparalleltoanyexistingbook
on this subject. Both the antenna practicing engineers and researchers should find the
bookveryvaluable.”
YahyaRahmat-Samii,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
Modern Small Antennas
KYOHEI FUJIMOTO
UniversityofTsukuba,Japan
HISASHI MORISHITA
NationalDefenseAcademy,Japan
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Infor mation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521877862
(cid:2)C K.FujimotoandH.Morishita2013
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2013
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Fujimoto,K.(Kyohei),1929–
Modernsmallantennas/KyoheiFujimoto,UniversityofTsukuba,Japan;HisashiMorishita,National
DefenseAcademy,Japan.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-521-87786-2
1.Antennas(Electronics) 2.Miniatureelectronicequipment. I.Morishita,Hisashi. II.Title.
TK7871.6.F85 2013
621.382(cid:3)4–dc23 2012030785
ISBN 978-0-521-87786-2Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Preface pageviii
Acknowledgements xiv
1 Introduction 1
References 6
2 Smallantennas 8
2.1 Definitionofsmallantennas 8
2.2 Significanceofsmallantennas 9
References 11
3 Propertiesofsmallantennas 12
3.1 Performanceofsmallantennas 12
3.1.1 Inputimpedance 12
3.1.2 BandwidthBWandantennaQ 14
3.1.3 Radiationefficiency 17
3.1.4 Gain 18
3.2 Importanceofimpedancematchinginsmallantennas 18
3.3 Problemsofenvironmentaleffectinsmallantennas 20
References 21
4 Fundamentallimitationsofsmallantennas 23
4.1 Fundamentallimitations 23
4.2 Briefreviewofsometypicalworkonsmallantennas 24
References 36
5 Subjectsrelatedwithsmallantennas 39
5.1 Majorsubjectsandtopics 39
5.1.1 Investigationoffundamentalsofsmallantennas 39
5.1.2 Realizationofsmallantennas 39
5.2 Practicaldesignproblems 40
5.3 Generaltopics 42
vi Contents
6 Principlesandtechniquesformakingantennassmall 43
6.1 Principlesformakingantennassmall 43
6.2 TechniquesandmethodsforproducingESA 44
6.2.1 Loweringtheantennaresonancefrequency 44
6.2.2 Fulluseofvolume/spacecircumscribingantenna 56
6.2.3 Arrangementofcurrentdistributionsuniformly 57
6.2.4 Increaseofradiationmodes 58
6.2.5 Applicationsofmetamaterialstomakeantennassmall 62
6.3 TechniquesandmethodstoproduceFSA 69
6.3.1 FSAcomposedbyintegrationofcomponents 69
6.3.2 FSAcomposedbyintegrationoffunctions 69
6.3.3 FSAofcompositestructure 70
6.4 TechniquesandmethodsforproducingPCSA 70
6.4.1 PCSAoflow-profilestructure 71
6.4.2 PCSAemployingahighimpedancesurface 71
6.5 TechniquesandmethodsformakingPSA 72
6.5.1 PSAinmicrowave(MW)andmillimetre-wave(MMW)regions 73
6.5.2 SimplePSA 73
6.6 Optimizationtechniques 74
6.6.1 Geneticalgorithm 74
6.6.2 Particleswarmoptimization 79
6.6.3 Topologyoptimization 79
6.6.4 Volumetricmaterialoptimization 81
6.6.5 Practiceofoptimization 81
References 86
7 DesignandpracticeofsmallantennasI 92
7.1 Designandpractice 92
7.2 DesignandpracticeofESA(ElectricallySmallAntennas) 92
7.2.1 Loweringtheresonancefrequency 92
7.2.2 Fulluseofvolume/space 138
7.2.3 Uniformcurrentdistribution 193
7.2.4 Increaseofexcitationmode 203
7.2.5 Applicationsofmetamaterials 216
7.2.6 Activecircuitapplicationstoimpedancematching 249
References 257
8 DesignandpracticeofsmallantennasII 266
8.1 FSA(FunctionallySmallAntennas) 266
8.1.1 Introduction 266
8.1.2 Integrationtechnique 266
8.1.3 Integrationoffunctionsintoantenna 327
Contents vii
8.2 DesignandpracticeofPCSA(PhysicallyConstrainedSmallAntennas) 332
8.2.1 Low-profilestructure 332
8.2.2 ApplicationofHIS(HighImpedanceSurface) 333
8.2.3 ApplicationsofEBG(ElectromagneticBandGap) 335
8.2.4 ApplicationofDGS(DefectedGroundSurface) 339
8.2.5 ApplicationofDBE(DegeneratedBandEdge)structure 345
8.3 DesignandpracticeofPSA(PhysicallySmallAntennas) 347
8.3.1 Smallantennasforradiowatch/clocksystems 349
8.3.2 SmallantennasforRFID 350
References 363
9 Evaluationofsmallantennaperformance 371
9.1 General 371
9.2 Practicalmethodofmeasurement 373
9.2.1 Measurementbyusingacoaxialcable 374
9.2.2 Methodofmeasurementbyusingsmalloscillator 375
9.2.3 Methodofmeasurementbyusingopticalsystem 377
9.3 Practiceofmeasurement 382
9.3.1 Inputimpedanceandbandwidth 382
9.3.2 Radiationpatternsandgain 384
9.3.3 Efficiencymeasurement 385
References 388
10 Electromagneticsimulation 389
10.1 Conceptofelectromagneticsimulation 389
10.2 Typicalelectromagneticsimulatorsforsmallantennas 390
10.3 Example(balancedantennasformobilehandsets) 391
10.3.1 Balanced-fedfoldedloopantenna 394
10.3.2 Antennastructure 396
10.3.3 Analyticalresults 398
10.3.4 Simulationforcharacteristicsofafoldedloopantennainthe
vicinityofhumanheadandhand 400
References 407
11 Glossary 409
11.1 Catalogofsmallantennas 409
11.2 Listofsmallantennas 409
References 448
Index 459
Preface
Smallantenna,bigimpact!
Morethan20yearshaveelapsedsincethefirstbookonsmallantennaswaspublished
in1987.Smallantennashavebeenusedforalongtime,fromtheearliestcommunications
topresent-dayapplicationsinvarioussmallwirelesssystems;typicallymobilephones
and other hand-held equipment that emerged into common use several decades ago.
Publicationofthefirstsmall-antennabookdatesbackto1987,startingwithitsplanning
in 1981, when we, the late Professor J. R. James and I (Fujimoto), saw the necessity
ofabookonsmallantennas.Atthattimedesigntechniquesvitalfordevelopmentand
successful fabrication of small antennas had not been systematically treated and were
seldomevenrecordedintheliterature.Hopingtoimprovethatsituation,weagreedto
produce a book entitled “Small Antennas.” Six years later, in 1987, Research Studies
Press,UK,publishedthebookasthefirsttextdevotedtosmallantennas.Weintended
the book to provide data and information that should assist with the analysis, design,
anddevelopmentofpracticalsmallantennas.Wewerepleasedthatthebookwasused
worldwide and was recognized as useful by many people who had taken advantage of
dataandpracticalexamplesprovidedinthebook.
Now,morethan20yearslater,Irecognizedthattheoriginalbooknolongermatches
current trends in the discipline, and it calls for extensive updating to reflect current
trendsinadvancedantennatechnologyandacuterequirementsofthesetimes.
Coincidentally,attheISAP2006,Singapore,in2006,quiteafewattendeesthereasked
meaboutrenewalofthebook“SmallAntennas.”Therewasacommonrecognitionof
theexpandingboundariesofthewirelessworldthathadgrownwithnewlyevolvedsys-
tems,forwhichadvancedantennaswererequired.Then,thepresentauthors(Fujimoto
andMorishita)startedplanningarenewedbookandgatheringmaterialsnecessaryfor
it.Iwashappyatthattimeforhavingreceivedinquiriesofpublishingabookonsmall
antennasbysomepublishingcompanies,amongwhichwasCambridgeUniversityPress
(CUP),intheUnitedKingdom.Then,IcontactedDr.JulieLancashire,EngineeringEdi-
toroftheCUP,andgotagreementforpublishingarenewedversionof“SmallAntennas.”
Dr. Lancashire was formerly a commissioning editor of Artech House, UK, who sup-
ported us (the late Professor J. R. James and me) in editing “Handbook of Antenna
SystemsforMobileCommunications.”
Today,smallantennatechnologyhasadvancedalongwithprogressinvariouswireless
systems, for which small antennas are required. The most typical wireless systems
requiringsmallantennasweremobilephones,havingprogressedtodatethroughatleast