Modern Saudi Arabia PDF
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Modern Saudi Arabia Recent Titles in Understanding Modern Nations Modern China Xiaobing Li Modern Spain Enrique Ávila López Modern Mexico James D. Huck Jr. Modern India John McLeod MODERN SAUDI ARABIA Valerie Anishchenkova Understanding Modern Nations Copyright © 2020 by ABC- CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other wise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Anishchenkova, Valerie, author. Title: Modern Saudi Arabia / Valerie Anishchenkova. Description: Santa Barbara, California : ABC- CLIO, [2020] | Series: Understanding modern nations | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019056369 (print) | LCCN 2019056370 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440857041 (cloth ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9781440857058 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Saudi Arabia— Encyclopedias. Classification: LCC DS204 .A673 2020 (print) | LCC DS204 (ebook) | DDC 953.80503— dc23 LC rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov /2 019056369 LC ebook rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2019056370 ISBN: 978-1-4408-5704-1 (print) 978-1-4408-5705-8 (ebook) 24 23 22 21 20 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. ABC- CLIO An Imprint of ABC- CLIO, LLC ABC- CLIO, LLC 147 Castilian Drive Santa Barbara, California 93117 www . abc - clio . com This book is printed on acid- free paper Manufactured in the United States of Amer i ca Contents Series Foreword xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1: Geography 1 Overview 1 Asir 2 Border Demarcations and Disputes 4 Climate 6 Eastern Arabia: Al- Hasa 7 Environmental Issues a fter the Gulf War 8 Fresh W ater Reserves and W ater Conservancy 9 Great Deserts 11 Hijaz and Tihamah 13 Jeddah 14 Mecca 16 Medina 17 Najd: Central Arabia 18 Northern Arabia 20 The Persian Gulf 21 Population 23 The Red Sea 24 Riyadh 26 Chapter 2: History 29 Overview 29 Timeline 30 The Abbasids 36 Arab Revolt (1916–1918) 37 Discovery of Oil 39 Emirate of Diriyah: The First Saudi State (1744–1818) 40 Emirate of Najd: The Second Saudi State (1824–1891) 42 The Golden Age of Islam in Arabia 43 v vi | Contents Ibn Saud 44 Ikhwan 45 King Abdullah 47 The Mamluks and the Ottomans in Arabia 49 Muhammad, Prophet of Islam 51 Muhammad ibn Abd al- Wahhab 53 Nabateans 54 Najran 55 Pre-I slamic Arabia 56 Rashidun: The Righ teous Caliphs 58 The Rise of Islam 60 Sharifs of Mecca 63 Third Saudi State: Saudi Arabia in the 20th Century 64 The Umayyads 65 Chapter 3: Government and Politics 69 Overview 69 The Arab Spring 71 Capital and Corporal Punishment 73 Constitution and L egal Reform 75 Corruption 77 Gulf Cooperation Council 78 Human Rights and Censorship 79 Law Enforcement and Security 81 Local Government and Municipal Elections 82 Military 84 Po liti cal Dissent and Opposition 85 Po liti cal Reform and Modernization 87 Saudi Monarchy and Branches of the Government 88 Saudi– U.S. Relations 90 Sharia Law and Judicial System 93 Ulama 94 Wahhabi Ideology 95 Chapter 4: Economy 99 Overview 99 Agriculture 100 Diversification and Development Plans 102 Energy 103 Financial Institutions and Saudi Riyal 105 Land and Househ old Policy 107 Mi grant Workers and Unemployment 108 Oil Industry and Aramco 110 OPEC and OAPEC 112 Petrochemical Industry 113 Contents | vii Public vs. Private Sectors 115 Saudization 117 Science and Technology 119 Taxation 120 Tourism 121 Trade and Exports 123 Transportation 125 Vision 2030 127 Chapter 5: Religion and Thought 129 Overview 129 Five Pillars or the Tenets of Islam 130 Hajj 133 Islamic Calendar 136 Jihad 137 Non- Muslims 138 Qur an 139 Shia Community 141 Shia Islam 142 Sunni Islam and Jurisprudence 143 Chapter 6: Social Classes and Ethnicity 147 Overview 147 Bedouins and Nomadism 149 Ethnic Composition 152 Health and Welfare 153 House of Saud 155 Major Tribes 157 Settled Population: Hadar 160 Sharif and Sayyid 161 Sulubbah 162 Urbanization 163 Chapter 7: Gender, Marriage, and Sexuality 165 Overview 165 Divorce 168 Domestic Vio lence 170 Gender Segregation 171 Guardianship 172 Hijab and Dress Code 173 Identity Cards 175 Marriage Law and Tradition 176 The Mutawwa: Saudi Religious Police 178 Parents and C hildren 179 Social Life, Kinship, and Friendships 180 viii | Contents Traditional Wedding 182 Women in Public Office 183 Women’s Mobility and Driving Ban 186 Chapter 8: Education 189 Overview 189 Education of W omen 191 Higher Education 192 International Schools 194 Islamic Education 195 Key Universities 196 Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University 199 Secondary Education 200 Chapter 9: Language 203 Overview 203 Arabic Alphabet and Script 205 Arabic Calligraphy 206 Arabic Dialects 209 Dialect of Hijaz 211 Dialect of Najdi 212 Gulf Arabic and Minority Languages 213 Chapter 10: Etiquette 215 Overview 215 Death Rites 216 Dress Etiquette 218 Honor 219 Majlis 221 Social Life 222 Workweek and Holidays 223 Chapter 11: Lit er a ture 227 Overview 227 Abdelrahman Munif 229 Ghazi al-G osaibi 230 Poetry 231 Prose 233 Raja Alem 235 Turki al- Hamad 236 Women Writers 237 Chapter 12: Art and Architecture 241 Overview 241 Abraj al- Bait 243 Bedouin Jewelry 245 Contents | ix Calligraphic Art 246 Con temporary Art 250 Great Mosque of Mecca 252 Modernization of Saudi Architecture 254 Sadu Weaving 256 Traditional Architecture 257 Traditional Garments 259 Chapter 13: Music and Dance 263 Overview 263 Ardha Dance 264 Bedouin Music 266 Con temporary Saudi and Khaliji Music 267 Janadiriyah Heritage and Cultural Festival 268 Music of Hijaz and Asir 269 Religious Music 271 Sawt Music 272 Traditional Instruments 273 Wedding M usic and Dance 275 Chapter 14: Food 277 Overview 277 Arabic Coffee, Tea, and Other Traditional Beverages 280 Islamic Dietary Laws 282 Kabsah 284 Traditional Foods and Regional Variations 285 Chapter 15: Leisure and Sports 291 Overview 291 Camel Racing 293 Falconry 294 Golf 296 Horse Racing 297 Maqha: Traditional Coffee house 298 Popu lar Consumerism 300 Soccer 302 Women in Sports 303 Chapter 16: Media and Popu lar Culture 307 Overview 307 Cinema 309 Freedom of Speech 310 Government Censorship 312 Internet and Social Media 314 Printed Press 317
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